IC-NRLF 


335    71fl 


MOTION    STUDY 


A  METHOD  FOR  INCREASING  THE 

EFFICIENCY    OF    THE 

WORKMAN 


BY 
FRANK    B.   GILBRETH 


MEMBER   OF    THE    AMERICAN    SOCIETY  OF  MECHANICAL    ENGINEERS 


WITH   AN   INTRODUCTION    BY 

ROBERT   THURSTON    KENT 

EDITOR    OF    "  INDUSTRIAL    ENGINEERING" 


NEW  YORK: 
D.  VAN    NOSTRAND    COMPANY 

23  MURRAY  AND  27  WARREN  STS. 
191 1 


LJ 


Copyright,  1911,  by 
D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY 

NEW   YORK 


Stanhope  ipress 

F.    H.   GILSON     COMPANY 
BOSTON,     U.S.A. 


PREFACE 


THE  phrase  "Motion  Study"  explains  itself. 

The  aim  of  motion  study  is  to  find  and  perpetuate  the 
scheme  of  perfection.  There  are  three  stages  in  this 
study : 

1.  Discovering  and  classifying  the  best  practice. 

2.  Deducing  the  laws. 

3.  Applying  the  laws  to  standardize  practice,  either  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  output  or  decreasing  hours  of 
labor,  or  both. 

Standardizing  the  trades  is  the  world's  most  important 
work  to-day,  and  motion  study  is  the  first  factor  in  that 
work. 

In  presenting  this  material  I  have  attempted  to  show 
the  necessity  for  Motion  Study  and  the  savings  that  are 
possible  by  the  application  of  its  underlying  principles. 

Thanks  are  due  to  the  Myron  C.  Clark  Publishing 
Company  and  to  Industrial  Engineering  for  permission  to 
use  the  cuts  that  illustrate  this  book. 

FRANK   B.    GILBRETH. 


TABLE    OF   CONTENTS 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION xi-xxiii 

CHAPTER  I. 

DESCRIPTION  AND  GENERAL  OUTLINE  OF  MOTION  STUDY..  1-9 

1.  NECESSITY  FOR  MOTION  STUDY i 

2.  PLACE  OF  MOTION  STUDY  IN  SCIENTIFIC  MANAGE- 

MENT    3 

3.  VAST  FIELD  FOR  MOTION  STUDY 5 

4.  PRESENT  STAGE  OF  MOTION  STUDY 5 

5.  THE  VARIABLES 6 

CHAPTER  II. 
VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER 10-42 

1.  ANATOMY 10 

2.  BRAWN 13 

3.  CONTENTMENT 14 

4.  CREED 15 

5.  EARNING  POWER 16 

6.  EXPERIENCE 19 

7.  FATIGUE 23 

8.  HABITS 32 

9.  HEALTH 33 

10.  MODE  OF  LIVING 35 

11.  NUTRITION 35 

12.  SIZE 36 

13.  SKILL 36 

14.  TEMPERAMENT 38 

15.  TRAINING 40 

CHAPTER  III. 

VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS 43-64 

1.  APPLIANCES 43 

2.  CLOTHES 45 

3.  COLOR 46 

4.  ENTERTAINMENT 48 

5.  HEATING 49 

6.  LIGHTING 50 

vii 


Vlll  TABLE  OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

VARIABLES  OF  THE  SURROUNDINGS  (Continued). 

7.  QUALITY  or  MATERIAL 52 

8.  REWARDS  AND  PENALTIES 53 

9.  SIZE  or  UNIT  MOVED 54 

10.  SPECIAL  FATIGUE-ELIMINATING  DEVICES 56 

11.  SURROUNDINGS 58 

12.  TOOLS 59 

13.  UNION  RULES 62 

14.  WEIGHT  OF  UNIT  MOVED 63 

CHAPTER  IV. 
VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION 65-85 

1.  ACCELERATION 65 

2.  AUTOMATICITY 67 

3.  COMBINATION  WITH  OTHER  MOTIONS 69 

4.  COST 70 

5.  DIRECTION 74 

6.  EFFECTIVENESS 76 

7.  FOOT-POUNDS  OF  WORK  ACCOMPLISHED 76 

8.  INERTIA  AND  MOMENTUM  OVERCOME 77 

9.  LENGTH 79 

10.  NECESSITY 81 

11.  PATH ; 82 

12.  PLAY  FOR  POSITION 83 

13.  SPEED - 84 

CHAPTER  V. 
PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY 86-109 

1.  WORK  ACCOMPLISHED 86 

2.  MAGNITUDE  OF  WORK  TO  BE  DONE 86 

3.  VALUE  OF  CHARTS 87 

4.  FUTURE  WORK  IN  STANDARDIZING  THE  TRADES  ....  94 

5.  THE  FIRST  STEPS 102 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


FIG.  PAGE 

1.  Non-stooping  Scaffold 1 1 

2.  Non-stooping  Scaffold,  "Pack-on-the-wall"  Method    12 

3.  Gravity  Conveyor  for  Unloading  Brick  without  Stooping 14 

4.  Right  Way  to  Pick  up  Brick  from  Upper  Tier  on  the  Packet  ...  17 

5.  Wrong  Way  to  Pick  up  Brick  from  Upper  Tier  on  the  Packet ...  18 

6.  Right  Way  to  Pick  up  Brick  from  the  Lower  Tier  on  the  Packet.  19 

7.  Wrong  Way  to  Pick  up  Brick  from  the  Lower  Tier  on  the  Packet.  20 

8.  The  Non-stooping  Scaffold  for  Handling  Packs  of  Brick  with  the 

Fewest  and  Shortest  Motions 21 

9.  The  Usual  Method  of  Providing  the  Bricklayer  with  Material.  .  .  22 

10.   Standard  Practice  of  Providing  Bricklayers  with  Materials 26 

n.    Standard  Practice  of  Providing  Bricklayers  with  Materials 27 

12.  Standard  Practice  for  Providing  Bricklayers  with  Materials 28 

13.  Pick-and-dip  Method  of  Bricklaying  on  the  Interior  or  Filling 

Tiers 30 

14.  String-Mortar  Method  of  Bricklaying  on  the  Interior  or  Filling 

Tiers 31 

15.  Correct  Sequence  of  Courses  and  Tiers  Laid  from  Stooping  Scaf- 

fold   38 

1 6.  Correct  Sequence  of  Courses  and  Tiers  Laid  from  the  Non-stooping 

Scaffold ^ 39 

17.  Two-horse  Carts  with  Horses  Changed  from  Empty  to  Full  Carts.  55 

18.  Gravity  Conveyors  for  Transporting  Packs  to  Carts 55 

19.  The  Fountain  Trowel  in  Position  for  Conveying  Mortar 56 

20.  The  Trucket  for  Carrying  Twelve  Packs 57 

21.  The  Trucket  for  Storing  Packs 75 

22.  The  Fountain  Trowel  in  Position  for  Pouring  Mortar 76 

23.  Common  Type  of  Trestle  Horse  Staging 79 

24  to  42.   Motion  Study  Pictures  of  Bricklaying 103-106 

43.  "Pack-on-the-wall"  Method,  Building  Exterior  Face  Tiers 108 

44.  "  Pack-on-the-wall"  Method,  Building  the  Interior  Face  and  Fill- 

ing Tiers 109 

ix 


INTRODUCTION 


WHEN  the  editor  of  a  live  journal  hears  of  some  new 
development  in  the  field  to  which  his  paper  caters,  he  is 
neglecting  his  duty  if  he  does  not  make  every  possible 
effort  to  secure  a  powerful  article  by  the  highest  author- 
ity on  that  development  for  his  readers.  Some  months 
before  " Motion  Study"  first  appeared  in  the  columns  of 
Industrial  Engineering,  we  heard  that  Mr.  Gilbreth  had, 
by  some  method  or  other,  made  wonderful  records  in  the 
construction  of  buildings  and  other  engineering  works. 
We  were  curious  to  know  how  this  had  been  accomplished, 
and  sought  an  interview.  We  then  learned  that  for 
years  Mr.  Gilbreth  had  been  studying  the  actions  of  his 
workmen,  the  conditions  surrounding  their  work,  and  all 
the  other  variables  which  go  to  help  or  hinder  them  in  the 
actual  construction  work.  He  had  paid  particular  atten- 
tion to  the  motions  made  by  a  given  man,  say  a  brick- 
layer, in  getting  a  brick  from  the  pile  made  by  the  tenders 
to  its  final  resting  place  in  the  wall.  He  had  discovered 
how  the  number  of  these  motions  could  be  cut  down,  by 
having  the  brick  brought  to  the  bricklayer  in  a  different 
way  than  usual,  by  placing  them  in  a  somewhat  more 
convenient  position,  by  arranging  the  scaffolding  in  an 
improved  manner,  and  by  various  other  little  changes, 


Xll  INTRODUCTION 

some  of  them  slight  in  themselves,  but  all  together  totaling 
an  immense  saving  of  time  and  motions. 

This  appealed  to  us  as  forming  the  basis  of  a  good  "story/' 
and  we  immediately  made  arrangements  with  Mr.  Gilbreth 
to  prepare  for  Industrial  Engineering  a  serial  article  show- 
ing the  importance  of  these  studies  in  the  improvement 
of  working  conditions  in  all  trades,  and  how  they  bene- 
fited both  employer  and  workman.  When  the  manu- 
script of  " Motion  Study"  was  first  placed  in  the  writer's 
hands,  as  editor,  he  examined  it  with  considerable  interest, 
but  without  any  idea  of  the  immense  importance  of  what 
he  had  done  in  securing  this  contribution.  It  was  then 
merely  another  good  story  for  the  paper.  It  seemed  to 
him  a  trifle  unfortunate,  however,  that  the  author  had 
chosen  practically  all  of  his  illustrations  from  the  brick- 
laying trade.  On  rereading  the  article  more  carefully  it 
was  apparent  that  these  illustrations  were  of  secondary 
importance  and  had  been  drawn  from  a  trade  with  which 
every  one  was  familiar  and  which  any  one  could  observe, 
also  from  one  so  old  that  it  hardly  seemed  possible  that  it 
could  be  improved.  It  therefore  became  evident  that  the 
principles  laid  down  were  applicable  to  every  trade  and 
industry.  This  idea  was  confirmed  later,  when  "  Motion 
Study"  appeared  in  serial  form. 

We  were  a  trifle  disappointed,  at  first,  that  it  attracted 
less  attention  than  we  anticipated.  We  thought  that 
perhaps  we  were  somewhat  in  advance  of  our  time,  and 
that  the  public  was  not  yet  prepared  for  so  long  a  step 


INTRODUCTION  Xlii 

forward.  It  now  appears,  however,  that  the  apparent 
lack  of  interest  was  due  to  the  fact  that  we  had  presented 
a  subject  so  entirely  new  that  it  required  some  little  time 
for  people  to  comprehend  its  importance  and  to  realize 
its  value.  By  the  time  the  third  installment  had  appeared, 
requests  for  the  earlier  installments  were  flowing  in  steadily, 
and  since  its  completion  many  firms  have  sent  for  all  the 
issues  of  the  paper  containing  it.  To  show  the  wide  ap- 
plication possible  of  the  principles  laid  down  in  "  Motion 
Study,"  requests  for  the  complete  series  have  come  to  us 
from  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  from  the  shoe  manu- 
facturing industry,  from  book-printing  and  book-binding 
establishments,  and  many  other  industries.  It  was  when 
we  began  to  receive  these  requests  that  we  realized  that 
we  had  done  something  worth  while,  and  had  published  an 
article  which  was  of  stupendous  value,  not  to  one  trade 
or  group  of  trades,  but  to  the  whole  world. 

The  writer,  in  handling  the  successive  installments  of 
" Motion  Study,"  became  more  and  more  impressed  with 
the  possibilities  which  were  involved  in  it.  He  resolved  to 
apply  some  of  these  principles  in  his  own  office.  Natu- 
rally the  first  point  of  attack  is  the  one  where  the  greatest 
saving  can  be  accomplished.  In  our  case,  it  happened  to 
be  the  outgoing  mail.  A  publication  has,  particularly  in 
its  circulation  department,  an  amount  of  outgoing  mail 
entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the  volume  of  business  trans- 
acted by  it,  when  measured  by  the  standard  of  other 
industries.  A  circulation  campaign  will  involve  the  send- 


xiv  INTRODUCTION 

ing  out  of  perhaps  twenty  thousand  duplicate  letters,  each 
with  one  or  more  inclosures.  Evidently  the  saving  of  but 
one  motion  on  each  letter  would,  in  the  aggregate,  show 
an  immense  saving  of  time.  Formerly  the  girls  folding  and 
sealing  the  letters  were  permitted  to  arrange  the  work 
to  suit  themselves.  A  short  observation  of  their  work 
showed  that  there  was  much  room  for  improvement. 
The  writer  studied  the  question  for  a  short  time  and  made 
several  experiments  to  determine  in  just  what  order  each 
movement  should  be  made  to  fold  the  letter,  pick  up  its 
inclosure,  pick  "up  the  envelope,  and  insert  the  letter  and 
inclosure  in  the  envelope.  The  first  attempt  was  crude, 
but  immediately  doubled  the  output  of  the  girl.  Further 
study  resulted  in  improvements  which  not  only  eliminated 
motions,  but  shortened  the  distance  which  the  hands  had 
to  move  in  those  that  remained.  The  final  result  was  an 
arrangement  of  pieces  and  a  sequence  of  motions  by  which 
each  hand,  at  the  completion  of  one  motion,  was  in  position 
immediately  to  begin  the  next.  The  final  motion,  that  of 
throwing  the  filled  envelope  on  the  pile,  was  eliminated 
entirely  by  having  a  large  basket  on  the  floor,  directly 
under  the  point  where  the  letter  was  inserted  in  the  en- 
velope. The  girl  simply  let  go  of  the  envelope,  and  it 
fell  into  the  basket,  gravity  doing  the  work  formerly  done 
by  the  girl.  The  output  under  the  new  conditions  was 
about  four  times  that  obtained  when  the  girls  were  allowed 
to  do  the  work  their  own  way. 

Several  other  routine  jobs  in  the  office  were  handled  in 


INTRODUCTION  XV 

the  same  way,  with  a  marked  improvement  in  each  case. 
By  this  time  the  office  force  had  become  interested  and 
were  studying  motions  on  their  own  account,  and  improv- 
ing methods  of  doing  work  without  any  suggestion  from 
the  writer.  One  of  the  girls  devised  a  method  of  stamping 
envelopes  which  enabled  her  to  work  at  a  speed  of  between 
one  hundred  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  envelopes  per 
minute.  She  piled  the  letters  on  edge  in  a  long  pile,  the 
addressed  side  facing  her.  The  stamps  were  torn  in  strips, 
crosswise  of  the  sheet,  so  that  the  stamps  were  side  by  side 
instead  of  one  above  the  other.  She  fastened  to  the  fore- 
finger of  her  right  hand  a  small  wet  sponge,  and  taking  a 
strip  of  stamps  in  that  hand,  fed  them  across  the  sponge, 
using  her  thumb  to  move  the  strip,  and  to  guide  the  stamp 
into  place  on  the  corner  of  the  envelope.  The  left  hand 
drew  the  stamped  envelope  forward  from  the  pile,  the 
thumb  of  the  left  hand  giving  the  necessary  pressure  to 
the  stamp  while  it  was  being  drawn  forward,  to  assure  its 
being  firmly  affixed  to  the  envelope.  The  motion  of  draw- 
ing the  envelope  forward  tore  the  stamp  from  the  strip,  and 
the  operation  was  complete.  The  work  was  done  with 
marvelous  rapidity,  yet  the  girl  hardly  seemed  to  make 
any  motions,  except  to  pull  the  envelopes  forward,  and  to 
reach  for  strips  of  stamps.  We  do  not  know  just  what 
processes  were  followed  in  developing  the  method,  as  the 
girl  studied  it  out  and  put  it  in  operation  while  the  writer 
was  taking  a  vacation. 

These  incidents,  and  others,  convinced  us  that  there  was 


XVI  INTRODUCTION 

much  more  to  motion  study  than  appeared  from  a  hasty 
survey  of  the  subject.  We  then  began  to  look  around 
in  earnest,  to  discover  what  had  been  done  in  this  line 
in  other  trades  than  those  with  which  Mr.  Gilbreth 
was  familiar.  We  found  that  practically  nothing  had 
been  done  in  a  systematic,  scientific  manner,  except  in 
certain  shops  where  scientific  management  had  been 
installed. 

We  further  found,  that  even  in  these  shops  motion  study 
had  not  been  made  in  the  scientific  manner  outlined  in 
Mr.  Gilbreth's  articles.  It  was  a  by-product,  an  incident 
in  the  installation  of  scientific  management,  rather  than 
a  science  of  itself.  Nevertheless,  even  treated  as  an  inci- 
dental branch  of  management  it  had  conferred  much  bene- 
fit on  those  shops  in  which  it  had  been  made.  We  shall 
refer  to  this  later. 

The  reduction  of  the  number  of  motions  can  be  accom- 
plished in  two  radically  different  ways:  (i)  By  analyzing 
every  step  of  a  process,  as  outlined  by  Mr.  Gilbreth, 
studying  the  motions  made,  and  improving  or  eliminating 
them  as  a  result  of  the  analysis,  or  by  devising  an  entirely 
new  way  of  accomplishing  the  same  object.  (2)  By  sub- 
stituting a  device  which  is  an  improvement  over  that 
formerly  used,  but  which  required  a  greater  number  of 
motions  to  operate  it,  or  by  the  substitution  of  new  motions 
or  processes  as  they  occur  to  the  observer,  rather  than  by 
any  systematic  study  of  the  subject.  This  last  method 
is  the  one  most  generally  used.  It  might  be  termed  the 


INTRODUCTION  xvil 

" accidental"   method,    as   contrasted   with   the   scientific 
one  developed  by  Mr.  Gilbreth. 

An  example  of  this  latter  kind  of  motion  study  is  familiar 
to  every  man,  woman,  or  child  who  lives  in  even  a  moder- 
ate-sized city.  In  the  city  fire  departments  much  thought 
has  been  expended  on  the  problem  of  enabling  the  firemen 
to  start  out  to  a  fire  in  the  shortest  possible  time  after  the 
alarm  has  been  received.  At  first  the  horses  stood  in 
their  stalls  with  their  harness  on  them.  The  hitching  of 
the  horses  required  the  fastening  of  several  buckles.  Some 
one  then  invented  the  drop  harness,  now  universally  used, 
and  the  number  of  motions  in  hitching  a  horse  was  reduced 
to  three,  —  snapping  the  collar  round  his  neck,  and  the 
fastening  of  the  two  reins  to  his  bridle  by  bit  snaps. 
Later  the  horses  were  moved  from  the  rear  of  the  house  to 
a  point  alongside  the  engine,  so  that  they  had  only  to  travel 
a  matter  of  a  few  feet  to  be  in  position  under  the  harness. 
Some  one  else  then  invented  a  device  which  released  the 
horses  from  their  stalls  automatically  with  the  sounding 
of  the  alarm  on  the  fire-house  gong,  effecting  a  further 
saving  in  time  and  motion.  Instead  of  having  the  firemen 
descend  stairs  from  their  sleeping  quarters,  the  sliding 
pole  was  thought  of,  which  eliminated  a  great  number  of 
individual  motions  and  saved  many  seconds.  And  so 
on,  as  one  device  after  another  was  perfected  which  saved 
motions,  and  thereby  time,  it  was  adopted,  until  now  the 
"motion  efficiency"  in  a  fire  house  is  one  hundred  per  cent. 
It  is  useless  to  improve  it  further,  because  it  has  reached  a 


xvill  INTRODUCTION 

point  where  the  company  is  ready  to  start  to  a  fire  before 
it  has  received  the  number  of  the  box.  The  men  and 
horses  do  their  part  in  less  time  than  the  electric  telegraph 
transmits  the  complete  signal.  Yet  to  attain  this  efficiency 
has  required  a  period  of  perhaps  thirty  years.  The  subject 
was  not  studied  in  a  scientific  manner. 

Turning  now  to  the  machine  shop,  let  us  see  what  mo- 
tion study  means  there.  In  an  editorial  in  Industrial  Engi- 
neering, in  August,  1910,  we  said: 

Before  a  task  can  be  set  intelligently  it  is  necessary 
to  know  just  what  can  be  accomplished  by  the  best  type 
of  workman.  This  usually  involves  a  time  study  of  the 
job  under  consideration.  The  time  study  is  more  than 
putting  a  clerk  with  a  stop  watch  alongside  the  workman, 
with  instructions  to  see  how  long  it  takes  him  to  do  the 
job.  A  proper  time  study  requires  that  a  certain  piece 
of  work  be  divided  into  its  component  operations  and  that 
each  operation  be  studied  separately,  and  also  in  conjunc- 
tion with  other  operations  to  which  it  is  related.  The  time 
of  performing  these  operations  is  recorded  not  once,  but 
many  times,  until  a  fair  average  has  been  determined.  The 
results  are  then  analyzed  to  see  if  the  time  required  can  be 
cut  down.  Usually  it  will  be  found  that  it  can.  A  single 
instance  will  suffice  for  illustration. 

In  a  certain  shop  with  which  we  are  familiar  a  piece 
had  to  have  several  holes  of  different  sizes  drilled  in  it, 
a  jig  being  provided  to  locate  the  holes.  The  drills  and 
the  sockets  for  them  were  given  to  the  workman  in  a  tote 


INTRODUCTION  xix 

box.  The  time  study  of  this  job  revealed  several  inter- 
esting facts.  First,  after  the  piece  was  drilled  the  machine 
was  stopped,  and  time  was  lost  while  the  workman  removed 
the  piece  from  the  jig  and  substituted  a  new  one.  This 
was  remedied  by  providing  a  second  jig  in  which  the  piece 
was  placed  while  another  piece  was  being  drilled  in  the  first 
jig,  the  finished  one  being  removed  after  the  second  jig  had 
been  placed  in  the  machine  and  drilling  started.  It  was 
also  found  that  the  workman  lost  considerable  time  hunt- 
ing in  the  tote  box  for  his  drill,  and  for  the  socket  to  fit  it. 
The  result  was  the  provision  of  a  socket  for  each  drill, 
which  was  fitted  to  it  in  the  tool  room,  and  the  further 
provision  of  a  tray  alongside  the  machine  on  which  the 
man  could  lay  out  his  drills  in  the  order  in  which  they 
were  to  be  used.  He  was  thereby  enabled  to  pick  up  the 
correct  drill  without  losing  any  time  hunting  for  it.  It 
was  also  found  that  it  took  considerable  time  to  verify  the 
size  of  the  drill  and  socket,  due  to  the  figures  stamped 
on  the  drill  by  the  manufacturer  being  so  small  as  to 
require  the  workman  to  go  to  the  light  to  hunt  for  the 
figures.  Consequently,  numbers  one-half  inch  high  were 
placed  on  the  drills,  so  that  they  could  be  seen  in  almost  any 
light.  To  do  this  it  was  necessary  to  grind  a  flat  spot  on 
the  drill  to  accommodate  the  large-size  figures.  This  had 
the  desirable  but  unsought  for  result  of  enabling  the  work- 
man to  locate  the  figures  by  the  sense  of  touch,  and  con- 
sequently no  time  was  lost  in  turning  the  drill  round  and 
round  to  search  for  the  size. 


XX  .  INTRODUCTION 

The  above  changes,  simple  in  themselves,  resulted  in 
an  increase  in  output  on  this  particular  job  of  about  four 
times  that  usually  obtained  before  the  time  study  was 
made. 

The  incident  related  above  is  one  that  the  writer  dis- 
covered after  he  began  to  investigate  motion  study  in  other 
lines  than  those  discussed  by  Mr.  Gilbreth.  It,  too,  is 
typical  of  the  " accidental"  method.  It  is  sufficient  to 
show,  however,  what  scientific  motion  study  could  do  if 
applied  to  an  entire  industry. 

The  following  letter  from  Mr.  H.  L.  Gantt  to  the  writer 
illustrates  how  little  people,  even  the  most  expert  in  their 
line,  know  about  the  most  economical  way  of  doing  work: 

Editor  Industrial  Engineering: 

The  series  of  articles  on  " Motion  Study"  by  Frank  B. 
Gilbreth  are  particularly  valuable  as  illustrating  what  a 
man,  having  an  analytical  mind  and  a  quick  comprehen- 
sion of  details,  can  accomplish.  They  also  illustrate  the 
fact  that  in  order  to  accomplish  such  results  the  subject 
must  be  given  a  great  deal  of  study.  The  articles  are 
unique  in  that  they  describe  for  the  first  time  the  detailed 
application  to  an  art  of  principles  which  have  often  been 
described  in  more  general  terms. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  man  who  becomes  interested  in 
making  this  kind  of  a  study  will,  if  he  has  the  right  kind 
of  mind,  become  so  fascinated  by  it  that  it  is  on  his  mind 
almost  all  the  time.  The  subject  opens  up  so  many 
possibilities  that  those  men  who  can  appreciate  it  are 
simply  carried  away.  While  in  London  with  the  American 


INTRODUCTION  XXI 

Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  Mr.  Gilbreth  cornered 
an  old  friend  of  his  and  explained  to  him  the  wonderful 
results  that  could  be  accomplished  by  motion  study.  He 
declared  that  he  did  not  care  what  the  work  was,  he 
would  be  able  to  shorten  the  time  usually  required,  pro- 
vided that  nobody  had  previously  applied  the  principles 
of  motion  study  to  the  work. 

A  few  days  before,  this  friend  had  been  at  the  Japanese- 
British  Exposition  and  had  seen  there  a  girl  putting  papers 
on  boxes  of  shoe  polish  at  a  wonderful  speed.  Without 
saying  what  he  had  in  mind,  Mr.  Gilbreth's  friend  invited 
him  to  visit  the  exposition,  and  in  a  most  casual  way  led 
him  to  the  stand  where  the  girl  was  doing  this  remarkable 
work,  with  the  feeling  that  here  at  least  was  an  operation 
which  could  not  be  improved  upon. 

No  sooner  had  Mr.  Gilbreth  spied  this  phenomenal  work 
than  out  came  his  stop  watch,  and  he  timed  accurately 
how  long  it  took  the  girl  to  do  twenty-four  boxes.  The 
time  was  forty  seconds.  When  he  had  obtained  this  in- 
formation he  told  the  girl  that  she  was  not  doing  the  work 
right.  She,  of  course,  was  greatly  incensed  that  a  man 
from  the  audience  should  presume  to  criticize  what  she 
was  doing,  when  she  was  acknowledged  to  be  the  most 
skillful  girl  that  had  ever  done  that  work.  He  had  ob- 
served that  while  all  her  motions  were  made  with  great 
rapidity,  about  half  of  them  would  be  unnecessary  if  she 
arranged  her  work  a  little  differently.  He  has  a  very  per- 
suasive way,  and  although  the  girl  was  quite  irritated  by 
his  remark,  she  consented  to  listen  to  his  suggestion  that 
he  could  show  her  how  to  do  the  work  more  rapidly.  In- 
asmuch as  she  was  on  piece  work  the  prospect  of  larger 
earnings  induced  her  to  try  his  suggestion.  The  first 


XX11  INTRODUCTION 

time  she  tried  to  do  as  he  directed  she  did  twenty-four 
boxes  in  twenty-six  seconds;  the  second  time  she  tried  it 
she  did  it  in  twenty  seconds.  She  was  not  working  any 
harder,  only  making  fewer  motions. 

This  account  the  writer  heard  in  Manchester,  England, 
from  the  man  himself  who  had  put  up  the  job  on  Mr. 
Gilbreth,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  this  man  is  now  about 
as  firm  a  believer  in  motion  study  as  Mr.  Gilbreth  is. 

H.  L.  GANTT. 
NEW  YORK,  Oct.  i,  1910. 

Enough  has  been  said,  and  sufficient  instances  drawn 
from  widely  diversified  trades  have  been  given,  to  show 
that  motion  study  is  a  problem  of  the  most  vital  importance 
to  the  world.  Some  day  an  intelligent  nation  will  awake 
to  the  fact  that  by  scientifically  studying  the  motions  in 
its  trades  it  will  obtain  the  industrial  supremacy  of  the 
world.  We  hope  that  that  nation  will  be  the  United 
States.  Already  rated  as  the  most  progressive  nation  the 
world  has  ever  seen,  it  will  take  a  position  far  in  advance 
of  all,  once  it  begins  to  give  its  earnest  attention  to  this 
subject.  Certain  it  is,  that  if  we  do  not  some  other  people 
will,  and  our  boasted  progress  and  supremacy  will  then  be 
but  a  memory. 

When  one  looks  about  him  and  sees  the  wasted  time  and 
money  in  every  walk  of  life  from  useless  motions,  the  mind 
becomes  weary  in  contemplating  the  magnitude  of  the  task. 
The  bricklayer,  the  carpenter,  the  machinist,  the  shoveller, 
the  clerk,  even  the  editor  in  writing  with  his  pen,  make 


INTRODUCTION  xxiii 

twenty  motions  where  one  would  suffice.  The  actual 
wealth  of  the  nation  is  in  what  it  takes  from  the  ground  in 
the  shape  of  crops  or  minerals  plus  the  value  added  to 
these  products  by  processes  of  manufacture.  If  by  re- 
ducing the  number  of  motions  in  any  of  these  processes 
we  can  increase  many  fold  the  output  of  the  worker,  we 
have  increased  by  that  amount  the  wealth  of  the  world; 
we  have  taken  a  long  step  in  bringing  the  cost  of  living 
to  a  point  where  it  will  no  longer  be  a  burden  to  all  but 
the  very  wealthy;  and  we  have  benefited  mankind  in 
untold  ways. 

Words  fail  the  writer  when  he  tries  to  express  his  appre- 
ciation of  what  Mr.  Gilbreth  has  done  in  blazing  a  trail 
for  future  investigators.  The  work  he  outlines  of  investi- 
gating and  reclassifying  the  trades  by  means  of  motion 
study  is  worthy  of  the  brains  of  the  most  scientific  investi- 
gators; it  is  worthy  of  the  endowments  of  a  Rockefeller 
or  a  Carnegie;  it  is  worthy  of  the  best  efforts  of  the  national 
government.  Properly  carried  to  its  logical  conclusion 
it  would  form  the  mightiest  tool  for  the  conservation  of 
resources  that  the  country  could  have.  Our  scientists 
could  engage  in  no  more  important  work  than  this. 

ROBERT  THURSTON  KENT, 

Editor  Industrial  Engineering. 


OF 

, 

OF 


MOTION    STUDY 


CHAPTER  I 

DESCRIPTION    AND    GENERAL    OUTLINE    OF 
MOTION     STUDY 

NECESSITY  FOR  MOTION  STUDY 

PROFESSOR  Nathaniel  Southgate   Shaler  astounded  the   _ 
world  when  he  called  attention  to  the  tremendous  waste 
caused  by  the  rain  washing  the  fertile  soil  of  the  plowed 
ground  to  the  brooks,  to  the  rivers,  and  to  the  seas,  there 
to  be  lost  forever. 

This  waste  is  going  on  in  the  whole  civilized  world,  and  j 
especially  in  our  country.  Professor  Shaler's  book,  "Man 
and  the  Earth, "'was  the  real  prime  cause  of  the  congress 
that  met  in  Washington  for  the  conservation  of  our  natural 
resources.  While  Professor  Shaler's  book  was  right,  and 
while  the  waste  from  the  soil  washing  to  the  sea  is  a  slow 
but  sure  national  calamity,  it  is  negligible  compared  with 
the  loss  each  year  due  to  wasteful  motions  made  by  the 
workers  of  our  country.  In  fact,  if  the  workers  of  this 
country  were  taught  the  possible  economies  of  motion 
study,  there  would  be  a  saving  in  labor  beside  which  the 
cost  of  building  and  operating  tremendous  settling  basins, 
and  the  transporting  of  this  fertile  soil  back  to  the  land 


2  MOTION   STUDY 

from  whence  it  came'/  would  be  insignificant.  Besides, 
there  would  still  be  a  surplus  of  labor  more  than  large 
enough  to  develop  every  water  power  in  the  country,  and 
build  and  maintain  enough  wind  engines  to  supply  the 
heat,  light,  and  power  wants  of  mankind. 

There  is  no  waste  of  any  kind  in  the  world  that  equals 
the  waste  from  needless,  ill-directed,  and  ineffective  mo- 
tions. When  one  realizes  that  in  such  a  trade  as  brick- 

'-"v 

laying  alone,  the  motions  now  adopted  after  careful  study 
have  already  cut  down  the  bricklayer's  work  more  than 
two-thirds,  it  is  possible  to  realize  the  amount  of  energy 
that  is  wasted  by  the  workers  of  this  country. 

The  census  of  1900  showed  29,287,070  persons,  ten  years 
of  age  and  over,  as  engaged  in  gainful  occupations.  There 
is  no  reason  for  not  cutting  down  the  waste  motions  in  the 
vocations  of  the  other  almost  half  (49.7  per  cent)  of  the 
population  ten  years  of  age  and  upward  who  do  not  engage 
in  gainful  occupations.  The  housekeepers,  students,  etc., 
on  this  list  have  as  much  need  for  motion  saving  as  any 
one  else,  —  though  possibly  the  direct  saving  to  the  country 
would  not  be  so  great.  But  taking  the  case  of  the  nearly 
thirty  million  workers  cited  above,  it  would  be  a  conserva- 
tive estimate  that  would  call  half  their  motions  utterly 
wasted. 

As  for  the  various  ways  in  which  this  waste  might  be 
utilized,  that  is  a  question  which  would  be  answered  differ- 
ently by  each  group  of  people  to  whom  it  might  be  put. 

By  motion  study  the  earning  capacity  of  the  workman 


DESCRIPTION  AND    GENERAL   OUTLINE  3 

can  surely  be  more  than  doubled.  Wherever  motion  study 
has  been  applied,  the  workman's  output  has  been  doubled. 
This  will  mean  for  every  worker  either  more  wages  or  more 
leisure. 

But  the  most  advisable  way  to  utilize  this  gain  is  not 
a  question  which  concerns  us  now.  We  have  not  yet 
reached  the  stage  where  the  solving  of  that  problem  be- 
comes a  necessity  —  far  from  it !  Our  duty  is  to  study  the 
motions  and  to  reduce  them  as  rapidly  as  possible  to 
standard  sets  of  least  in  number,  least  in  fatigue,  yet  most 
effective  motions.  This  has  not  been  done  perfectly  as 
yet  for  any  branch  of  the  industries.  In  fact,  so  far  as 
we  know,  it  has  not,  before  this  time,  been  scientifically 
attempted.  It  is  this  work,  and  the  method  of  attack  for 
undertaking  it,  which  it  is  the  aim  of  this  book  to  explain. 

PLACE  OF  MOTION  STUDY  IN  SCIENTIFIC  MANAGEMENT 

Motion  study  as  herein  shown  has  a  definite  place  in 
the  evolution  of  scientific  management  not  wholly  appre- 
ciated by  the  casual  reader, 

Its  value  in  cost  reducing  cannot  be  overestimated,  and 
its  usefulness  in  all  three  types  of  management  —  Military, 
or  driver;  Interim,  or  transitory;  and  Ultimate,  or  func- 
tional —  is  constant. 

In  increasing  output  by  selecting  and  teaching  each 
workman  the  best  known  method  of  performing  his  work, 
motion  economy  is  all  important.  Through  it,  alone,  when 


4  MOTION   STUDY 

applied  to  unsystematized  work,  the  output  can  be  more 
than  doubled,  with  no  increase  in  cost. 

When  the  Interim  system  takes  up  the  work  of  stand- 
ardizing the  operations  performed,  motion  study  enables 
the  time-study  men  to  limit  their  work  to  the  study  of 
correct  methods  only.  This  is  an  immense  saving  in  time, 
labor,  and  costs,  as  the  methods  studied  comply,  as  nearly 
as  is  at  that  stage  possible,  with  the  standard  methods  that 
will  be  synthetically  constructed  after  the  time  study  has 
taken  place. 

Even  when  Ultimate  system  has  finally  been  installed, 
and  the  scientifically  timed  elements  are  ready  and  at  hand 
to  be  used  by  the  instruction  card  man  in  determining  the 
tasks,  or  schedules,  the  results  of  motion  study  serve  as  a 
collection  of  best  methods  of  performing  work  that  can 
be  quickly  and  economically  incorporated  into  instruction 
cards. 

Motion  study,  as  a  means  of  increasing  output  under 
the  military  type  of  management,  has  consciously  proved 
its  usefulness  on  the  work  for  the  past  twenty-five  years. 
Its  value  as  a  permanent  element  for  standardizing  work 
and  its  important  place  in  scientific  management  have 
been  appreciated  only  since  observing  its  standing  among 
the  laws  of  management  given  to  the  world  by  Mr.  Fred- 
erick  W.  Taylor,  that  great  conservator  of  scientific  in- 
vestigation,  who  has  done  more  than  all  others  toward 
reducing  the  problem  of  management  to  an  exact  science. 


DESCRIPTION  AND    GENERAL   OUTLINE  5 

VAST  FIELD  FOR  MOTION  STUDY 

Now  tremendous  savings  are  possible  in  the  work  of 
everybody,  —  they  are  not  for  one  class,  they  are  not 
for  the  trades  only;  they  are  for  the  offices,  the  schools, 
the  colleges,  the  stores,  the  households,  and  the  farms. 
But  the  possibilities  of  benefits  from  motion  study  in  the 
trades  are  particularly  striking,  because  all  trades,  even  at 
their  present  best,  are  badly  bungled. 

At  first  glance  the  problem  of  motion  study  seems  an 
easy  one.  After  careful  investigation  it  is  apt  to  seem  too 
difficult  and  too  large  to  attack.  There  is  this  to  be  said 
to  encourage  the  student,  however: 

1.  Study  of  one  trade  will  aid  in  finding  the  result  for 
all  trades. 

2.  Work  once   done  need  never  be  done   again.     The 
final  results  will  be  standards. 

PRESENT  STAGE  OF  MOTION  STUDY 
We  stand  at  present  in  the  first  stage  of  motion  study, 
i.e.,  the  stage  of  discovering  and  classifying  the  best  prac- 
tice.    This  is  the  stage  of  analysis. 

The  following  are  the  steps  to  be  taken  in  the  analysis: 

1.  Reduce  present  practice  to  writing. 

2.  Enumerate  motions  used, 

3.  Enumerate  variables  which  affect  each  motion. 

4.  Reduce  best  practice  to  writing. 

5.  Enumerate  motions  used. 

6.  Enumerate  variables  which  affect  each  motion. 


0  MOTION   STUDY 

VARIABLES 

Every  element  that  makes  up  or  affects  the  amount  of 
work  that  the  worker  is  able  to  turn  out  must  be  con- 
sidered separately;  but  the  variables  which  must  be 
studied  in  analyzing  any  motion,  group  themselves  natu- 
rally into  some  such  divisions  as  the  following: 

I.  Variables  of  the  Worker. 

1 .  Anatomy. 

2.  Brawn. 

3.  Contentment. 

4.  Creed. 

5.  Earning  Power. 

6.  Experience. 

7.  Fatigue. 

8.  Habits. 

9.  Health. 

10.  Mode  of  living. 

11.  Nutrition. 

12.  Size. 

13.  Skill. 

14.  Temperament. 

15.  Training. 

II.  Variables  of  the  Surroundings,  Equipment,  and  Tools. 

1.  Appliances. 

2.  Clothes. 

3.  Colors. 

4.  Entertainment,  music,  reading,  etc. 

5.  Heating,  Cooling,  Ventilating. 

6.  Lighting. 


DESCRIPTION  AND    GENERAL   OUTLINE  7 

7.  Quality  of  material. 

8.  Reward  and  punishment. 

9.  Size  of  unit  moved. 

10.  Special  fatigue-eliminating  devices. 

11.  Surroundings. 

12.  Tools. 

13.  Union  rules. 

14.  Weight  of  unit  moved. 

III.    Variables  of  the  Motion. 

1.  Acceleration. 

2.  Automaticity. 

3.  Combination    with    other    motions    and    se- 

quence. 

4.  Cost. 

5.  Direction. 

6.  Effectiveness. 

7.  Foot-pounds  of  work  accomplished. 

8.  Inertia  and  momentum  overcome. 

9.  Length. 

10.  Necessity. 

11.  Path. 

12.  "Play  for  position." 

13.  Speed. 

In  taking  up  the  analysis  of  any  problem  of  motion 
reduction  we  first  consider  each  variable  on  the  list  sepa- 
rately, to  see  if  it  is  an  element  of  our  problem. 

Our  discussion  of  these  variables  must  of  necessity  be 
incomplete,  as  the  subject  is  too  large  to  be  investigated 
thoroughly  by  any  one  student.  Moreover,  the  nature  of 


8  MOTION  STUDY 

our  work  is  such  that  only  investigations  can  be  made  as 
show  immediate  results  for  increasing  outputs  or  reducing 
unit  costs. 

The  nature  of  any  variable  can  be  most  clearly  shown 
by  citing  a  case  where  it  appears  and  is  of  importance. 
But  it  is  obviously  impossible  in  a  discussion  such  as  this 
to  attempt  fully  to  illustrate  each  separate  variable  even 
of  our  incomplete  list. 

Most  of  our  illustrations  are  drawn  from  bricklaying. 
We  have  applied  motion  study  to  our  office  and  field  forces, 
and  to  many  of  the  trades,  but  our  results  on  bricklaying 
are  the  most  interesting,  because  it  is  the  oldest  mechan- 
ical trade  there  is.  It  has  passed  through  all  the  eras  of 
history,  it  has  been  practiced  by  nations  barbarous  and 
civilized,  and  was  therefore  in  a  condition  supposed  to 
be  perfection  before  we  applied  motion  study  to  it,  and 
revolutionized  it. 

Since  first  writing  these  articles  for  Industrial  Engineer- 
ing it  has  been  of  great  interest  to  the  writer  to  learn 
of  the  conscious  and  successful  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples involved  to  the  particular  fields  of  work  that 
have  interested  various  readers.  It  was  thought  that 
unity  might  be  lent  to  the  argument  by  choosing  the 
illustrations  given  from  one  field.  The  reader  will  prob- 
ably find  himself  more  successful  in  estimating  the  value 
of  the  underlying  laws  by  translating  the  illustrations 
into  his  own  vocabulary,  —  by  thinking  in  his  own  chosen 
material. 


DESCRIPTION  AND   GENERAL  OUTLINE  9 

The  practical  value  of  a  study  such  as  this  aims  to  be 
will  be  increased  many  fold  by  cooperation  in  application 
and  illustration.  The  variables,  at  best  an  incomplete 
framework,  take  on  form  and  personality  when  so  con- 
sidered. 


CHAPTER  II 
VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER 

ANATOMY 

A  CAREFUL  study  of  the  anatomy  of  the  worker  will  enable 
one  to  adapt  his  work,  surroundings,  equipment,  and  tools 
to  him.  This  will  decrease  the  number  of  motions  he  must 
make,  and  make  the  necessary  motions  shorter  and  less 
fatiguing. 

Examples.  —  i.  If  the  bricklayer  is  left-handed  the 
relative  position  of  the  pile  of  packs  to  the  mortar  box  is 
reversed. 

2.  The  staging  is  erected  so  that  the  uprights  will  be 
out  of  the  bricklayer's  way  whenever  reaching  for  brick 
and  mortar  at  the  same  time.     (See  Fig.  i.) 

3.  Packs  can  be  piled  at  a  height  with  reference  to  the 
height  of  the  mortar  box  that  will  enable  stock  to  be  picked 
up  more  easily  by  bending  over  sideways  than  by  bending 
forwards.     This  latter  case  is,  of  course,  on  work  where 
the  non-stooping  scaffold  is  not  used. 

4.  The  planks  on  the  bricklayer's  platform  of  the  non- 
stooping  scaffold,  if  made  of  two  unconnected  planks,  will 
enable  the  bricklayer  to  lean  either  toward  the  stock  plat- 
form or  toward  the  wall  without  any  other  effort  than  that 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER 


11 


of  throwing  his  weight  on  one  foot  or  the  other,  taking 
advantage  of  the  spring  of  the  planks.     (See  Fig.  2.) 

5.   The  inside  plank  of  the  bricklayer's  platform  must 
extend  in  under  the  stock  platform,  or  the  bricklayer's  leg 


Fig.  i.  —  Non-stooping  scaffold  designed  so  that  uprights  are  out  of 
the  bricklayer's  way  whenever  reaching  for  brick  and  mortar  at 
the  same  time. 


will  strike  the  edge  of  the  plank  of  the  stock  platform 
when  he  reaches  for  stock. 

6.  The  stock  platform  must  not  be  wider  than  the 
minimum  width  that  will  permit  holding  the  packets,  or 
the  lower-priced  packet  man  will  not  place  the  packs 
exactly  in  that  position  that  will  require  the  least  amount 
of  straining  of  the  high-priced  workman,  the  bricklayer. 


12 


MOTION   STUDY 


SECII    N     THUD 


Fig.  2.  —  Gilbreth's  patent  non-stooping  scaffold  for  bricklaying. 

The  numbers  show  the  correct  sequence  of  courses  and  tiers  as  laid  from 
the  non-stooping  scaffold  for  the  fewest,  shortest,  and  most  economical 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER  13 

BRAWN 

Workmen  vary  widely  as  to  their  brawn  and  strength. 

When  the  actual  work  is  being  done,  due  consideration 
should  be  given  to  the  percentage  of  efficiency  that  the 
men  available  possess.  But  all  calculations  should  be 
made  on  the  basis  of  using  first-class  men  only.  All  data 
should  be  gathered  from  observations  on  first-class  men 
only.  In  fact,  so-called  first-class  men  are  not  good  enough. 
The  best  man  obtainable  anywhere  is  the  best  for  obser- 
vation purposes.  The  data  gathered  on  that  best  man 
will  then  be  considered  as  loo-per-cent  quality.  The  men 
finally  used  can  then  be  considered  as  of  a  certain  percent- 
age of  perfect  quality,  and  it  should  then  be  the  aim  of  the 
management  to  attain  loo-per-cent  quality.  This  is  one 
of  the  most  important  factors  in  the  success  of  intensive 
management.  The  manager  who  wins  is  the  one  who  has 
the  men  best  suited  for  the  purpose.  Intensive  manage- 
ment must  not  only  recognize  quickly  the  first-class  man, 
but  must  also  attract  first-class  men. 

Everybody  concedes  that  the  size  of  the  output  depends, 
first  of  all,  on  the  quality  of  the  men. 

Example.  —  We  have  found  that  a  first-class  laborer,  if 
his  work  is  so  arranged  that  he  does  not  have  to  stoop 
over,  but  can  do  his  work  with  a  straight  back,  can  handle 
ninety  pounds  of  brick  on  a  packet  (see  Fig.  3)  day  after 
day  and  keep  in  first-class  physical  condition,  while  laborers 
of  a  class  that  does  not  have  the  right  food  cannot  handle 


14  MOTION  STUDY 

continuously  over  sixty  to  seventy  pounds  of  bricks  on  a 
packet. 

It  is  obviously  better  to  have  all  one  class  of  men,  so 
that  all  instruction  cards  will  be  as  nearly  alike  as  possible. 
The  size  of  the  shovel,  the  weight  of  the  hammer,  the  num- 
ber of  brick  on  the  packet  —  these  are  variables  that  must 


Fig.  3. —  Arrangement  of  gravity  conveyor  for  unloading  brick 
so  that  laborer  does  not  have  to  stoop. 

also  be  considered  when  making  out  the  instruction  card 
—  and  these  are  all  influenced  by  the  brawn  of  the  worker. 

CONTENTMENT 

Contentment  affects  the  output  of  the  worker.  If  he  is 
contented,  he  will  have  his  mind  on  his  work,  and  he  will 
be  more  willing  to  carry  out  the  motions  exactly  as  directed 
on  the  instruction  card. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER  15 

The  contented  worker  does  not  require  so  large  a  per- 
centage of  rest  for  overcoming  fatigue  from  his  intensive 
efforts. 

Contentment  makes  for  loyalty  to  the  management,  for 
cooperating  for  maintainment  of  the  best  conditions,  and 
for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  the  property  of  the 
employer. 

CREED 

The  term  " creed"  is  used  to  cover  religion,  nationality, 
etc.,  —  everything  that  might  act  as  a  bond  of  sympathy 
between  workers  and  the  people  with  whom  they  come  in 
contact.  On  work  where  the  output  of  each  man  is  re- 
corded separately,  the  question  as  to  whether  the  creed  of 
the  workman  is  the  same  as  that  of  his  foreman,  or  super- 
intendent, or  employer,  is  of  little  consequence. 

In  places  where  the  output  of  each  man  is  not  recorded 
separately,  it  is  a  recognized  fact  that  instructions  of  the  fore- 
man or  employer  will  be  more  apt  to  be  carried  out  where 
there  is  a  bond  of  sympathy  between  the  employees,  the  fore- 
man, and  the  employers.  A  bond  of  sympathy  between 
the  workman  and  the  people  who  are  to  occupy  the  edifice 
upon  which  they  are  working  will  also  increase  the  output. 

The  motions  of  a  bricklayer  working  upon  the  wall  of 
a  church  differing  from  his  own  religion  are  often  vastly 
different  from  those  that  he  is  careful  to  make  when  the 
congregation  to  occupy  it  coincides  with  his  belief. 

In  planning  athletic  contests  also,  it  is  well  to  group 
men  according  to  their  affiliations. 


1 6  MOTION  STUDY 

Example.  —  On  engine  beds  and  similar  work,  where 
the  pieces  are  isolated,  assigning  gangs  of  men  of  different 
nationalities  to  the  different  beds  will  create  extra  interest 
in  the  contests.  If  this  is  not  feasible,  put  the  tall  men 
on  one  bed  and  the  short  men  on  the  other,  or  the  single 
men  against  the  married  men,  or  eastern  "pick-and-dip" 
men  against  western  "  string-mortar  "  men. 

EARNING  POWER 

The  matter  of  classifying  men  by  their  relative  earning 
power  is  as  important  as  classifying  them  by  their  relative 
brawn.  It  is  better,  of  course,  to  have  men  as  nearly  as 
possible  of  one  class  only,  and  that  the  best  class.  Class- 
ing men  by  their  earning  power  simplifies  the  work  of  the 
planning  department  in  many  ways.  It  enables  it  to  pre- 
scribe the  same  motions  to  the  entire  class  of  men,  to 
place  them  all  under  nearly  the  same  conditions,  to  pre- 
scribe the  same  tools  and  surroundings,  to  place  them 
together,  and,  finally,  to  have  an  athletic  contest  between 
the  men  of  the  same  class. 

Furthermore,  the  motions  to  be  made  are  often  entirely 
different  for  workmen  of  different  earning  power. 

Examples.  —  i.  With  masons  and  laborers  of  low  earn- 
ing power  it  is  sometimes  advisable  to  place  the  brick  on 
the  packets  any  way  that  will  give  the  fewest  motions  for 
loading  the  packets,  and  to  let  the  bricklayers  lay  them 
with  their  customary  numerous  motions,  until  men  of 
higher  earning  power  may  be  obtained  to  take  their  places. 


VARIABLES   OF   THE  WORKER  17 

2.  With  bricklayers  and  laborers  of  high  earning  power 
it  is  better  to  have  the  laborers  pile  the  brick  upon  the 
packets  so  that  the  brick  will  be  in  that  position  that 
requires  the  least  amount  of  motions  of  the  bricklayer  to 
pick  them  up  and  to  lay  them. 

It  is  obvious  that  all  motions  performed  in  handling  or 
transporting  material  before  the  material  is  used,  cut  up, 
or  fabricated,  should,  theoretically,  be  performed  by  low- 
priced  men,  and  that  the  work  done  by  the  high-priced 


Fig.  4.  —  Right  way  to  pick  up  brick  from  upper  tier 
on  the  packet. 

men  should  be  limited  as  far  as  possible  to  the  work  of  per- 
manent character.  As  an  example  of  this,  the  carrying  of 
the  brick  and  mortar  to  the  scaffold  is  done  by  the  mason's 
helper,  while  the  carrying  of  the  brick  from  the  packet  to 
its  final  resting  place  in  the  wall  is  done  by  the  mason. 
This  same  principle  can  be  carried  much  further  in  all 


1 8  MOTION  STUDY 

trades  than  is  usually  customary  to-day.  For  example, 
we  have  found  that  piling  the  brick  face  up  and  with 
the  top  side  nearest  the  palm  of  the  bricklayer's  hand 
when  his  arm  hangs  in  a  natural  position  will  save  an 
average  of  one  motion  of  the  high-priced  bricklayer  per 
brick.  (See  Figs.  4,  5,  6,  and  7.) 

We  have  found  a  great  increase  in  the  number  of  brick 
it  is  possible  to  lay,  and  a  decrease  in  the  cost  of  laying 
them  if  the  brick  are  placed  by  the  low-priced  man  in  the 
nearest  practicable  place  in  feet  and  inches  from  the  place 
where  they  will  finally  rest  in  the  wall.  Not  only  this, 


Fig.  5. — Wrong  way  to  pick  up  brick  from  upper  tier 
on  the  packet. 

but  the  receptacle  must  be  left  with  the  material  on  it,  so 
that  the  higher-priced  man  can  lift  the  receptacle  and  its 
contents  simultaneously  at  the  exact  time  the  materials 
are  wanted  to  a  place  still  nearer  to  the  place  where  the 
material  will  be  finally  used,  to  be  transported  from  there 


VARIABLES  OF   THE  WORKER  19 

to  their  final  resting  place  by  a  still  higher-priced  man. 
(See  Figs.  2  and  8.) 

This  use  of  "low-priced  men"  does  not  mean  the  use  of 
mediocre  men.  The  men  used,  of  whatever  price,  should 
be  the  best  men  of  that  class  obtainable. 

EXPERIENCE 

That  previous  experience  is  an  element  to  be  considered 
is  obvious.  This  fact  is  so  well  recognized  that  the  expres- 


Fig.  6.  —  Right  way  to  pick  up  brick  from  the  lower  tier 
on  the  packet. 

sion  "You  can't  teach  an  old  dog  new  tricks"  may  be 
heard  around  the  world.  While  this  may  be  true  with 
dogs,  it  is  not  true  with  workmen.  On  a  short  job  it  may 


2O 


MOTION  STUDY 


not  be  advisable  to  attempt  to  change  radically  the  life- 
time customs  of  a  local  workman.  But  recording  the  out- 
put of  each  man  separately  will  tell  whether  or  not  it  is 
advisable  to  make  out  the  instruction  card  in  accordance 
with  the  previous  experience  of  the  workman,  or  in  accord- 
ance with  the  way  in  which  actual  records  have  proved  to 
be  productive  of  the  highest  outputs.  Experience  varies 


Fig.  7.  — Wrong  way  to  pick  up  brick  from  the  lower  tier 
on  the  packet. 

widely,  and  the  habits  formed  are  often  difficult  to  over- 
come. 

Example.  —  A  bricklayer  from  certain  sections  of  New 
England  has  been  accustomed  to  pick  up  mortar  with  a 
trowel  at  the  same  time  that  he  picks  up  brick  with  the 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER 


21 


p 

bb 


22 


MOTION  STUDY 


other  hand.  This  is  called  the  " pick-and-dip  method." 
The  size  and  shape  of  his  mortar  receptacle,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  brick  and  mortar  on  his  scaffold,  the  shape 
of  the  scaffold  itself,  the  sequence  in  which  he  builds  the 
vertical  tiers  and  the  horizontal  courses,  and,  finally,  the 
labor-union  rules  themselves,  are  fashioned  after  the  con- 
sequences of  using  a  small  trowel,  just  large  enough  to 
pick  up  sufficient  mortar  for  one  brick  only. 


Fig.  9.  —  The  usual  method  of  providing  the  bricklayer 
with  material. 

A  bricklayer  so  trained  finds  it  difficult  at  first  to  adapt 
himself  to  the  "string  mortar"  method  of  the  West.  The 
western-taught  bricklayer  experiences  the  same  difficulties 
in  adapting  himself  to  the  "  pick-and-dip "  method  with 
the  speed  of  the  eastern  bricklayer.  But  their  difficulties 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER  23 

are  nothing  compared  with  those  that  the  employer  ex- 
periences who  puts  the  good  points  of  both  systems  on 
any  one  job. 

Not  only  do  habitual  motions  become  fixed,  but  also 
the  previous  experience  of  the  bricklayer  is  often  the 
cause  of  his  making  too  many  motions,  i.e.,  unnecessary 
motions.  He  seldom,  if  ever,  has  been  rigidly  trained  to 
use  a  certain  number  of  definite  motions.  It  takes  time 
and  patience  to  induce  him  to  adopt  a  standard  method. 

On  a  small  job  it  is  advisable  to  select  those  men  for  the 
leads  and  the  trigs  who  are  best  fitted  to  be  leaders,  that 
is,  'who  are  best  prepared  by  previous  experience  to  carry 
out  without  delay  the  requirements  of  the  instruction 
cards  —  but  give  due  consideration  to  the  previous  ex- 
perience and  habits  of  work  of  the  workmen. 

On  a  large  job,  however,  it  is  most  economical  to  insist 
on  standard  methods  and  standard  motions  that  will  pro- 
duce the  highest  outputs,  without  regard  to  the  previous 
training  of  the  workmen.  Attract  and  retain  those  work- 
men who  can  follow  out  their  instruction  card  and  as  a 
result  produce  the  high  records  of  outputs. 

FATIGUE 

Fatigue    is    an    important  :  variable    to    consider    when"" 
selecting  those  motions  that  will  give  the  most  economy 
and  that  make  the  " standard  motions."     It  goes  without 
saying  that  the  motions  that  cause  the  least  fatigue  are 
the  most  desirable,  other  things  being  equal. 


24  MOTION  STUDY 

Fatigue  is  due  to  a  secretion  in  the  blood. 
To  quote  from  an  article  signed    "I.  M.  T."  in   the 
American  Magazine  for  February,  1910: 

"The  toxin  of  fatigue  is  the  phrase  the  physicians  have 
given  us  with  which  to  jar  the  attention  of  those  who  can 
only  be  stirred  by  harsh  words.  It  has  been  demon- 
strated in  the  last  few  years  that  fatigue  is  due  to  an 
actual  poison  not  unlike  the  poison  or  toxin  of  diphtheria. 
It  is  generated  in  the  body  by  labor.  But  the  system 
takes  care  of  itself  and  generates  enough  anti-toxin  to 
take  care  of  a  normal  amount  of  toxin  or  poison.  If  it 
continues  to  be  produced  in  abnormal  quantities  the  sys- 
tem cannot  grapple  with  it.  There  is  a  steady  poisoning 
of  the  body,  with  all  the  baneful  effects,  mental  and  moral, 
as  well  as  physical,  that  poison  produces." 

Continuous  hard  work,  however,  like  proper  training,  puts 
the  body  into  that  condition  that  best  overcomes  fatigue. 
Fatigue  is  due  to  three  causes: 

1.  Fatigue  due   to   coming  to  work  improperly  rested 
(fatigue  brought  to  the  job). 

2.  Unnecessary  fatigue,  due   to  unnecessary  work,  un- 
necessary motions,  or  uncomfortable  positions,  surround- 
ings, and  conditions  of  working. 

3.  Necessary  fatigue,  due  to  output. 

Every  motion  causes  fatigue.  The  same  motions  in 
the  same  trade  cause  about  the  same  fatigue  for  all  first- 
class  men,  and  they  all  require  about  the  same  amount  of 
rest  to  overcome  fatigue,  provided  their  habits  and  mode 
of  living  are  the  same  outside  of  working  hours. 


VARIABLES   OF  THE   WORKER  25 

p-— % 

The  amount  of   fatigue  caused  and  the  percentage  of 

rest  required  in  many  different  kinds  of  work  have  been 
computed  by  Frederick  W.  Taylor  with  great  exactness.     / 
He  has  assigned  the  various  workers  to  classes  and  accu-    / 
rately  computed  the  "task"  from  his  records. 

We  have  no  such  records  as  Mr.  Taylor  has  gathered, 
but  we  have  numerous  records  of  outputs  of  different  men 
on  several  kinds  of  work.  We  know  that  the  amount  of 
rest  actually  required  by  a  workman  increases  with  the 
discomfort  of  the  position  in  which  he  works.  We  also 
know  that  the  speed,  hence  the  output  of  the  worker,  de- 
creases rapidly  if  there  is  much  fatigue  to  overcome. 

Example.  —  A  bricklayer  can  lay  brick  for  a  few  min- 
utes quite  as  quickly  when  he  picks  up  the  brick  from  the 
level  of  the  platform  on  which  he  stands  (see  Fig.  9),  as 
he  can  when  he  picks  up  the  brick  from  a  bench  twenty- 
four  inches  above  the  level  of  the  platform  on  which  he 
stands  (see  Figs.  10,  n,  and  12),  but  he  cannot  keep  that 
speed  up,  because  he  requires  more  rest  to  overcome  the 
greater  fatigue. 

It  is  not  simply  for  the  welfare  alone,  although  that 
reason  should  be  sufficient,  but  for  economic  reasons  as 
well,  that  the  men  should  be  so  j>laced  and  equipped 
that  their  work  is  done  under  the  most  comfortable 
conditions. 

Examples.  —  i.  It  is  a  recognized  fact  that  a  clut- 
tered-up  floor  under  a  workman's  feet  will  tire  him  quite 
as  much  as  the  productive  work  that  he  is  doing.  A 


26 


MOTION   STUDY 


§8 


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be  ^ 


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II 

c3   c_i 

a  ° 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER 


27 


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I  § 

42  'J3 

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tj  .SP 


28 


MOTION   STUDY 


smooth-planked  floor  will  enable  a  bricklayer  to  lay  many 
more  brick  than  will  earth  that  has  been  leveled  off. 

2.  A  bricklayer  can  stoop  over  and  pick  up  anything 
from  the  floor  with  one  hand  with  much  less  fatigue  if  he 
has  a  place  to  rest  his  other  hand  while  he  is  stooping, 


Fig.'  12.  —  Standard  practice  for  providing  bricklayers  with  material  for 
pick-and-dip  method  of  bricklaying  when  the  wall  is  shoulder  high. 

because  he  puts  his  weight  on  one  foot  and  lifts  his  other 
foot  out  behind  him,  which  does  not  tire  the  muscles  of  his 
back  nearly  so  much. 

Slow  motions  do  not  necessarily  cause  less  fatigue  than 
quick  motions,  and,  per  unit  of  work  done,  may  cause 
much  more  fatigue  than  quick  motions. 

The  amount  of  work  done  per  motion  may  not  be 
fatiguing  proportionately  to  the  size  of  the  unit. 


VARIABLES   OF   THE  WORKER  2Q 

Example.  —  Lifting  ninety  pounds  of  brick  on  a  packet 
to  the  wall  will  fatigue  a  bricklayer  much  less  than  handling 
the  same  number  of  brick  one  or  two  at  a  time.  Conse- 
quently with  the  same  amount  of  fatigue  the  workman 
will  handle  several  times  as  many  brick  on  packets  as  he 
can  handle  one  or  two  at  a  time. 

We  have,  then,  under  this  variable  two  tasks  to  perform: 

1.  To  eliminate  unnecessary  fatigue.     This  we  do  by 
studying  and  fixing  the  variables;  that  is,  by  standardiz- 
ing the  work. 

2.  To  provide  for  rest  from  necessary  fatigue,  and  to 
utilize  rest  time. 

Under  old  forms  of  management  workmen  "  should  keep 
busy  at  something,"  even  if  prevented  from  doing  their 
regular  work.     An  idle  workman  was  considered  a  disgrace.    / 
The  consequence  of  this  was  that  the  workman  took  his  rest  j 
while  working,  or  made  believe  work  while  resting.     The  , 
old-fashioned  kind  of  rest  is  called  "  systematic  soldiering." 
It  is  the  curse  of  the  military  type  of  management.     It  is  \ 
a  form  of  cheating  that  has  been  made  respectable  ,by  the  \ 
conditions  forced  upon  the  workers  by  the  employers. 

Under  scientific  management  the  evils  of  soldiering  are 
eliminated,  and  the  correct  definite  percentage  of  rest 
required  is  recognized  and  provided  for.  When  a  man  is 
prevented  by  causes  beyond  his  control  from  doing  his 
regularly  assigned  work,  he  is  told  to  use  the  opportunity 
for  rest, —  not  to  take  such  rest  as  can  be  obtained  by 
making  slow  and  useless  motions,  that  will  give  him  an 


MOTION   STUDY 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER 


32  MOTION  STUDY 

industrious  appearance  to  the  casual  observer,  but  to  rest, 
the  loo-per-cent  kind  of  rest. 

There  are  cases  where  chairs  and  reading  tables  have 
been  provided  with  beneficial  effect  for  workers  to  occupy 
when  delayed  for  a  few  minutes.  They  get  the  rest,  and 
their  presence  at  the  table  acts  as  a  danger  signal  to  the 
management. 

When  a  man  is  fatigued  to  the  point  where  it  is  im- 
possible for  him  to  do  his  best  work  he  should  be  made  to 
rest.  He  must  not  do  anything  but  rest  until  he  is  in  that 
condition  that  will  enable  him  to  fly  at  his  work  and  per- 
form it  with  the  fastest  standard  motions  possible. 

Rest  does  not  necessarily  mean  idleness.  The  worker 
can  spend  the  rest  period  reading  his  instruction  card,  or 
filling  out  his  record  of  output  on  the  card,  or  in  some 
other  form  of  restful  work.  A  change  of  work  is  often  a 
rest.  By  performing  the  above  two  tasks  well,  we  secure 
the  greatest  output  per  day  and  the  fewest  hours  per  day 
without  injury  to  the  health  of  the  men. 

HABITS 

The  habits  of  the  workman  have  much  to  do  with  his 
success  in  eliminating  unnecessary  motions  and  in  adopt- 
ing quickly  and  permanently  standard  methods.  The 
term  " habits,''  as  here  used,  includes  not  only  personal 
" habits,"  so-called,  but  also  habits  of  thinking,  habits  of 
working,  etc. 

Habits  brought  to  the  work  may  act  as  a  deterrent  or 


I 

VARIABLES   OF  THE  WORKER  33 

as  an  aid  to  its  best  performance.  They  embrace  a  group 
of  sub-variables  which  are  difficult  to  describe  and  analyze, 
and  are  of  immense  importance  in  influencing  output. 

That  acquiring  good  habits  of  work  makes  the  worker 
more  versatile  as  well  as  more  efficient  is  forcefully  stated 
by  Mr.  Gantt  in  his  book  on  "Work,  Wages,  and  Profits." 
He  says: 

"The  habits  that  a  man  has  to  acquire  to  become  effi- 
cient in  one  class  of  work  stand  him  in  good  stead  in  be- 
coming efficient  in  other  work.  These  habits  of  work  are 
vastly  more  important  than  the  work  itself,  for  it  is  our 
experience  that  a  man  who  has  become  efficient  in  one  thing, 
readily  learns  to  become  efficient  at  doing  other  things." 

HEALTH 
The  health  of  the  worker  may  be  affected  by: 

1.  Other  things  than  his  work  and  the  conditions  under 
which  it  is  done. 

2.  The  work. 

Consideration  of  other  things  than  the  work  may  prop- 
erly be  left  to  the  welfare  department.  This  department 
can  most  successfully  define  the  scope  of  its  work  by 
attempting  to  improve  the  man  himself  and  his  surround- 
ings in  every  way  that  will  make  him  a  better  and  more 
successful  worker.  This  criterion  will  satisfy  both  em- 
ployer and  employee  as  to  the  appropriateness,  justness, 
and  utility  of  the  work  of  the  welfare  department. 

The  life  of  the  man  when  away  from  work  is  only  in  so 
far  subject  to  the  inspection  and  jurisdiction  of  the  so- 


34  MOTION  STUDY 

called  " welfare"  department  as  that  department  can  show 
itself  able  to  make  of  the  man  a  more  valuable  economic 
unit  to  himself  and  to  the  community. 

If  the  welfare  department  makes  an  efficient  workman 
the  product  of  its  work,  the  philanthropic  by-products 
will  take  care  of  themselves. 

The  work  itself  should  be  laid  out  in  such  a  way  that  its 
performance  will  add  to  and  not  subtract  from  health.  A 
proper  study  and  determination  of  the  variables  that  affect 
the  surroundings  and  the  motion  will  go  far  to  insure  this. 
Moreover,  standardized  work  will  transform  the  workman. 

Henry  L.  Gantt,  in  a  most  stimulating  paper  on  "  Train- 
ing the  Workmen  in  Habits  of  Industry  and  Cooperation," 
read  before  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 
December,  1908,  says  of  workmen: 

"As  they  become  more  skilled,  they  form  better  habits 
of  work,  lose  less  time,  and  become  more  reliable  Their 
health  improves,  and  the  improvement  in  their  general  ap- 
pearance is  very  marked.  This  improvement  in  health 
seems  to  be  due  to  a  more  regular  a-nd  active  life,  com- 
bined with  a  greater  interest  in  their  work,  for  it  is  a  well- 
known  fact  that  work  in  which  we  are  interested  and 
which  holds  our  attention  without  any  effort  on  our  part, 
tires  us  much  less  than  that  we  have  to  force  ourselves 
to  do." 

This  Mr.  Gantt  says  in  speaking  of  the  benefits  of  the 
"task  and  bonus"  system;  but  the  same  thing  is  undoubt- 
edly true  of  men  working  under  standards  derived  from 
motion  study. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER  35 

MODE  OF  LIVING 

Mode  of  living  has  been  more  or  less  touched  upon 
under  "health"  and  " habits."  It  is  a  complex  variable, 
difficult  to  analyze  and  difficult  to  control.  Its  effects  on 
output  are  for  this  reason  all  the  more  far-reaching  and 
demand  scientific  investigation. 

NUTRITION 

This  is  a  subject  that  has  been  investigated  much  more 
scientifically  with  regard  to  horses  and  mules  than  with 
regard  to  workmen,  but  cases  are  seen  on  every  hand 
where  it  is  more  profitable  to  furnish  the  most  nutritious 
food  to  the  men  gratis  than  to  permit  them  to  have  the 
usual  poor  food  of  the  padrones'  storehouse.  In  the  build- 
ing of  a  new  town  in  Maine  it  was  found  to  be  economical 
to  spend  considerable  sums  of  money  for  supplying  food  for 
the  men  at  less  than  cost,  rather  than  to  have  them  eat 
the  food  provided  by  the  local  boarding  houses.  The 
nutritive  value  of  various  foods  and  the  amount  of  energy 
which  various  diets  enable  one  to  put  forth  have  been 
made  a  study  in  training  soldiers.  There  must  be  many 
tdata  available  on  the  subject,  and  the  government  should 
collect  them  and  issue  a  bulletin  for  the  use  of  the  welfare 
departments  of  large  employing  organizations.  The  army 
might  also  serve  as  an  example  in  many  other  ways  to  the 
student  of  economics.  The  " Tactics"  are  admirable  " in- 
struction cards,"  conforming  to  many  of  the  laws  of 


36  MOTION   STUDY 

motion  study.  It  seems  unfortunate  that  the  govern- 
ments of  the  world  up  to  the  present  time  have  confined 
all  of  their  attempts  to  standardize  motions  to  the  arts 
of  war,  and  have  done  nothing  in  this  line  in  the  arts  of 
peace. 

SIZE 

Size  of  men,  with  relation  to  their  motions,  has  much 
more  influence  than  is  usually  realized. 

Short  men  are  usually  the  best  shovelers  where  the 
shovelful  need  not  be  raised  much  in  doing  the  work,  such 
as  in  mixing  mortar  and  concrete.  Few  foremen  realize 
that  this  is  because  a  short  man  does  fewer  foot-pounds  of 
work  in  doing  the  same  amount  of  shoveling.  On  the 
other  hand,  when  men  are  shoveling  in  a  trench,  the  taller 
the  men,  usually,  the  more  the  output  per  man. 

Oftentimes  a  staging  is  built  at  a  height  below  a  set  of 
floor  beams  that  enables  the  men  to  work  to  best  advan- 
tage. On  such  a  staging  men  should  be  selected  of  as 
nearly  the  same  height  as  possible. 

SKILL 

The  workman  with  the  most  skill  is  usually  the  one 
who  can  adapt  himself  quickest  to  new  methods  and 
conditions. 

Example.  —  A  bricklayer  who  has  great  skill  in  his 
trade  can  instantly  lay  a  brick  in  the  same  manner  that 
he  is  once  shown.  To  get  him  to  do  so  constantly  when 
not  supervised  is  difficult,  but  that  can  be  quickest  im- 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER  37 

pressed  upon   his   mind   if  he   is    shown   the   reason  for 
every  change  demanded  of  him. 

To  make  sure  that  the  worker  of  the  future  acquires  his 
skill  properly,  is  the  most  important  task  here.  This  can  be 
done  only  by  insisting  continuously  on  conformity  to  scien- 
tifically derived  standards  from  the  beginning  of  his  training. 

Example.  —  The  best  results  from  a  motion- study  stand- 
point can  be  attained  only  by  teaching  the  apprentice 
from  his  first  day  to  lay  the  brick  with  the  standard 
motions  regardless  of  the  looks  of  the  work.  If  the  work 
is  not  good  enough  to  permit  the  brick  to  remain  on  the 
wall,  a  skilled  bricklayer  should  fix  it,  until  the  apprentice 
can  lay  the  brick  with  the  prescribed  standard  motions  in 
a  manner  good  enough  to  permit  the  work  to  remain  as  a 
part  of  the  structure. 

The  apprentice  should  not  be  permitted  to  depart  from 
the  standard  motions  in  any  case  until  he  has  first  acquired 
them  as  a  fixed  habit.  The  most  pernicious  practice  is 
the  generally  accepted  one  of  first  having  an  apprentice 
do  perfect  work  and  then  attempting  to  make  speed  later. 
The  right  motions  should  be  taught  first,  and  the  work 
taken  down  and  rebuilt  until  it  is  up  to  standard  quality. 
This  is  the  only  way  to  get  the  full  benefits  of  the  economics 
of  motion  study.  (See  Figs.  13  and  14.) 

The  workman  who  will  make  the  highest  outputs  of  the 
future  will  be  he  who  has  as  a  habit  those  standard  motions 
that  are  the  most  productive  when  operated  under  stand- 
ard conditions. 


MOTION   STUDY 


Fig.  15. — The  numbers  show  the  correct  sequence  of  courses  and 
tiers  as  laid  from  the  ordinary  scaffold  for  the  fewest,  shortest, 
and  most  economical  motions. 

TEMPERAMENT 

The  temperament  of  the  man  has  more  to  do  with  the 
motion  he  uses  than  one  usually  supposes. 

Example.  —  Many  expert  face  bricklayers  would  quit  a 
job  rather  than  lay  common  brick  on  interior  walls,  even 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   WORKER 


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53 


52 


48 


60 


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Fig.  1 6.  — The  numbers  show  the  correct  sequence  of  courses  and 
tiers  as  laid  from  the  non-stooping  scaffold  for  the  fewest, 
shortest,  and  most  economical  motions.  This  scaffold  permits 
a  much  larger  percentage  of  the  brick  to  be  laid  as  "  filling  in," 
instead  of  as  "backing  up,"  consequently  requiring  less  skillful 
motions. 

though  they  might  earn  higher  wages  on  the  inside  work. 
Other  bricklayers  prefer  to  lay  common  brickwork,  —  not 
that  they  doubt  their  ability  to  lay  the  face  brick,  but 
because  they  like  the  strenuous  athletic  contests  for  high 


40  MOTION  STUDY 

scores  of  output  and  high  pay.  To  them  there  is  no 
monotony  in  laying  common  brick  day  after  day,  for  to  the 
skilled  mason  brick  are  not  so  nearly  alike  as  are  human 
beings. 

A  bricklayer  interested  in  his  work  will  often  remember 
the  characteristics  of  one  certain  brick  years  after  he  has 
forgotten  the  wall  upon  which  it  was  laid. 

Therefore  the  temperament  of  the  man  must  be  taken 
into  consideration  when  placing  the  men.  When  they  are 
best  placed  they  follow  their  instructions  on  the  subject  of 
motion,  and  higher  scores  will  be  the  result. 

TRAINING 

" Training"  is  so  closely  related  to  "skill"  and  "ex- 
perience" that  it  is  difficult  to  separate  it  from  them.  We 
use  the  word  to  mean  both  the  worker's  theoretical  and 
practical  equipment  for  his  work,  his  entire  preparation. 
The  problem  is  to  see  that  the  worker  has  both  kinds  of 
equipment,  acquired  in  the  most  useful,  balanced  method 
possible. 

The  training  of  the  available  worker  must  always  be 
considered  in  estimating  the  time  that  it  will  take  him  to 
acquire  standard  methods  and  the  output  that  can  be 
expected  of  him.  The  training  of  the  worker  of  the  future 
should  be  planned  to  fit  him  for  standard  work.  The 
training  of  the  apprentice  on  the  work  to-day  is  usually 
defective  because  he  has  little  or  no  training  in  theory 
at  the  same  time  that  he  is  getting  his  practice.  Further- 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  WORKER  41 

more,  the  journeyman  who  is  his  instructor  not  only  has 
had  no  training  in  pedagogy,  but  often  lacks  the  benefits 
of  the  elements  of  a  common-school  education.  The  usual 
time  of  apprenticeship  in  the  building  trades  in  this  coun- 
try is  three  years,  or  until  the  apprentice  is  twenty-one 
years  old. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  boy  taught  in  the  trade  school 
lacks  training  under  actual  working  conditions.  The  ques- 
tion of  dollars  and  cents  to  make  for  the  employer,*  special 
fitting  for  high  wages  for  himself,  and  the  knowledge 
of  the  principles  underlying  the  requirements  necessary 
in  order  to  obtain  specially  high  outputs  from  intensive 
management,  are  wholly  lacking. 

The  present  apprenticeship  system  is  pitiful  and  criminal 
from  the  apprentice's  standpoint,  ridiculous  from  a  modern 
system  standpoint,  and  there  is  no  word  that  describes  its 
wastefulness  from  an  economic  standpoint. 

SUMMARY 

Before  turning  to  the  variables  of  the  surroundings,  it 
may  be  well  to  summarize.  The  variables  of  the  worker 
consist  of  the  elements  of  the  equipment  that  the  worker 
brings  to  his  work,  both  those  that  he  was  born  with  and 
those  that  he  has  acquired.  These  are  mental  and  physical. 

We  have  concluded : 

1.  That  first-class  men  should  always  be  secured  if  that 
be  possible. 

2.  That  everything  possible  should  be  done  to  preserve 


42  MOTION   STUDY 

and  to  add  to  the  natural  powers  and  capacities  that  the 
worker  brings  to  his  work. 

3.  That  standard  practice  derived  from  motion  study 
does  add  to  the  natural  powers  of  the  worker,  and  both 
shortens  his  hours  of  work  and  adds  to  his  output. 

4.  That  training  based  on  the  laws  underlying  standard 
practice  will  enable  the  worker  of  the  future  to  attain  still 
higher  efficiency  and  output. 


CHAPTER  III 
VARIABLES    OF   THE    SURROUNDINGS 

WE  turn  now  to  the  variables  of  the  surroundings. 
These  differ  from  the  variables  of  the  worker  in  that  we 
can  influence  them  more  quickly  and  more  directly.  In 
discussing  the  variables  of  the  worker,  we  deal  more  or 
less  with  the  past  and  the  future.  The  variables  of  the 
surroundings  are  each  and  all  distinctly  of  the  present. 

APPLIANCES 

The  " standard  conditions"  maintained  by  the  employer 
are  a  most  important  factor  for  high  outputs.  It  is  obvi- 
ous that  the  appliances  furnished  the  workman  and  the 
motions  used  are  interdependent  on  each  other. 

Examples.  —  i.  The  bricklayer  could  not  be  expected  to 
pick  up  the  brick  so  that  he  would  not  have  to  spin  or  flop 
it  in  his  hand  unless  it  were  delivered  to  him  in  the  right 
position  on  a  packet. 

2.  The  bricklayer  could  not  be   expected   to  have  so 
high  an  output  if  he  had  to  stoop  over  in  order  to  pick 
up  his  stock  as  he  would  have  to  do  if  the  scaffold  did  not 
have  a  bench  that  obviated  bending. 

3.  The  bricklayer  could  not  be  expected  to  lay  brick 
without  turning  around  or  bending  over  unless  he  was 
provided  with  packs  of  bricks  that  could  be  lifted  bodily 


44  MOTION   STUDY 

and  placed  upon  the  wall  in  units  as  large  as  could  be 
economically  handled. 

4.  The  bricklayer  could  not  be  expected  to  do  away 
with  those  motions  that  are  necessary  to  remove  the  lumps 
from  under  a  brick  if  there  were  holes  in  the  sand  screen 
and  no  pug  mill  to  break  up  the  lumps. 

It  is  most  important  that  the  workman  should  be  given 
" handy  conditions"  under  which  to  work,  that  is,  the 
"most  comfortable,"  or  those  that  require  the  "  least  per- 
centage of  rest"  to  overcome  fatigue. 

Examples.  —  i.  The  bricklayer  must  obviously  have  a 
scaffold  to  stand  upon  that  permits  adjusting  the  height 
of  the  platform  on  which  he  stands  to  a  standard  distance 
below  the  top  of  the  ever-growing  wall  on  which  he  is  lay- 
ing the  brick.  We  have  found  that  the  best  height  is 
from  twenty-four  to  thirty-two  inches  below  the  top  of  the 
wall.  If  the  wall  is  being  laid  overhanded,  the  height 
should  not  be  over  twenty-four  inches,  while  if  the  wall 
is  not  being  laid  overhanded,  thirty-two  inches  is  the  better 
height. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  bench  from  which  the  stock  is 
picked  up  should  be  maintained  at  a  standard  distance 
above  the  platform  on  which  the  man  stands.  Also  the 
platform  on  which  the  laborer  walks  should  be  located  at 
the  standard  distance  below  the  stock  platform  that  will 
enable  him  to  deposit  the  brick  and  mortar  in  a  manner 
that  will  cause  the  least  fatigue.  Therefore,  the  three 
platforms  for  bricklayer,  stock,  and  tender  should  be 


VARIABLES    OF   THE    SURROUNDINGS  45 

fixed  with  relation  to  one  another,  and  movable  in  relation 
to  the  top  of  the  wall,  capable  of  being  hoisted  as  the  wall 
grows  without  stopping  or  disturbing  the  men. 

2.  The  elevator  for  hoisting  the  brick  and  mortar  should 
always  be  arranged  so  that  it  can,   when  desired,   land 
above  the  top  of  a  staged  wall,  and  thus  the  brick  and  mor- 
tar can  be  wheeled  down  to  the  scaffold  on  the  floor  below. 
Then  the   tenders  can  wheel  down  with   full  loads   and 
wheel  the  empty  barrows  up  to  the  floor  above. 

3.  Make  a  table,  barrel,  or  box  to  put  near  the  work- 
man, no  matter  what  his  trade  is,  so  that  he  will  not  have 
to  stoop  over  and  pick  up  his  tools.     Provide  something  to 
lean  his  shovel  against  or  to  hang  his  shovel  on  when  he  is 
alternately  shoveling  and  wheeling  to  cut  down  time  and 
to  reduce  the  fatigue  of  stooping  over  and  picking  up  the 
shovel. 

The  motions  to  be  used  and  to  be  avoided  are  largely 
determined  and  affected  by  the  appliances  used;  therefore 
for  the  highest  outputs  the  right  appliances  must  be  de- 
vised, standardized,  used,  and  maintained,  otherwise  the 
motions  cannot  be  standardized.  Furthermore,  it  is  much 
easier  to  standardize  motions  with  standard  appliances 
than  without  them. 

CLOTHES 

The  clothes  that  the  workman  wears  may  be  a  hindrance 
or  a  help  to  him  in  his  work.  Tight  or  ill-fitting  clothing 
may  restrict  motions.  Fear  of  ruining  clothing  may 
seriously  cut  down  the  speed  of  the  worker. 


46  MOTION   STUDY. 

On  the  other  hand,  clothing  designed  and  specially 
adapted  to  the  work  that  the  worker  has  to  do  may  in- 
crease output  to  a  surprising  extent. 

Not  till  the  advantages  have  been  appreciated  of  having 
working  clothes  made  the  subject  of  study  from  the  motion- 
economy  standpoint  will  manufacturers  provide  the  gar- 
ments needed.  But  they  are  only  too  anxious  to  meet 
every  demand  as  soon  as  they  are  conscious  of  it.  Once 
let  the  specialized  clothes  for  the  worker  be  standardized 
and  they  will  be  placed  immediately  upon  the  market  in 
inexpensive,  durable,  and  attractive  shape. 

As  for  their  reception  by  the  worker,  as  soon  as  he 
realizes  that  they  increase  his  efficiency,  and  are  a  badge 
of  specialization  and  not  of  servitude,  he  will  be  ready  and 
glad  to  welcome  them. 

COLOR 

The  stimulating  effect  of  color  upon  workers  is  a  subject 
to  be  investigated  by  psychologists.  The  results  of  their 
study  should  be  of  great  benefit,  especially  to  indoor  work- 
ers. Motions  could  undoubtedly  be  made  simpler  by  the 
proper  selection  of  the  color  of  painting  and  lighting  in 
the  workroom. 

In  our  work  we  have  to  deal  chiefly  with  color  as  a 
saver  of  motions.  Color  can  be  seen  quicker  than  shape. 
Therefore,  distinguishing  things  by  their  color  is  quicker 
than  distinguishing  them  by  the  printing  on  them. 

Examples.  —  i.   The  various   pipes    in    a   pipe   gallery 


VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  47 

can    best    be    recognized    by    painting    them    different 
colors. 

2.  The  right-hand  end  of  the  packet  is  painted  black,  in 
order  that  when  carried  in  the  right  hand  of  the  laborer 
it  can  be  placed  so  that  the  bricklayer  can  pick  up  each 
brick    without    spinning    or    flopping    the    brick    in    his 
hand. 

3.  Painting   tools   different  colors,  and   also   the  place 
where  they  are  to  be  placed  in  the  drawer  or  the  chest 
the  same  color,  saves  motions  and  time  of  motions  when 
putting  them  away  and  finding  them  next  time. 

4.  When  low-priced  men  bring  packages  of  any  kind  to 
higher-priced  men  to  use  or  handle,  the  packages  should 
always  be  painted,  stenciled,  or  labeled  with  a  distinguish- 
ing color  on  one  end  and  on  top.     This  will  enable  the 
low-priced  workman  to  place  the  package  in  the  manner 
called  for  on  the  instruction  card  with  the  least  thought, 
delay,  and  motions.     It  will  also  enable  the  high-priced 
man  to  handle  the  package  with  no  such  lost  motions  as 
turning  the  package  around  or  over. 

5.  Oftentimes  the  workmen  who  are  best  fitted  phys- 
ically for  their  work  cannot  read,  or  at  least  cannot  read 
English.     Even  if  they  could,  it  would  take  some  time  to 
read  the  stenciled  directions  on  the  non-stooping  scaffold 
to  the  effect  that  "this  side  goes  against  the  brick  wall." 
It  will  greatly  reduce  the  number  of  motions  to  paint  the 
side  that  goes  next  to  the  wall  a  different  color  from  the 
side  that  goes  away  from  the  wall. 


48  MOTION   STUDY 

ENTERTAINMENT 

Music.  —  The  inspiring  and  stimulating  effect  of  music 
has  been  recognized  from  ancient  times,  as  is  shown  by 
the  military  band,  the  fife  and  drum  corps,  the  bagpipe 
of  the  Scotchman,  down  to  the  band  that  rushes  the 
athlete  around  the  track  or  across  the  field. 

The  singing  of  gangs  at  certain  kinds  of  work,  the  rhyth- 
mic orders  that  a  leader  of  a  gang  shouts  to  his  men,  and 
the  grunting  in  unison  of  the  hand  drillers,  show  the 
unifying  as  well  as  the  motion-stimulating  effect  of  music 
and  rhythm. 

That  some  of  the  trades  can  have  their  motions  affected 

time  and  speed  by  music,  to  a  point  that  will  materially 

Feet  the  size  of  their  outputs,  is  a  recognized  fact. 

Some  of  the  silent  trades  have  used  phonography  and 
musical  instruments  to  entertain  the  men  while  they  were 
working.  It  was  found  it  paid  the  employer  to  furnish 
stimulating  records  at  his  own  expense,  so  that  the  work- 
men would  make  more  and  quicker  motions,  rather  than 
to  permit  the  employees  to  furnish  phonographic  records  at 
random  at  their  own  expense. 

Reading.  —  Reading  as  a  stimulus  to  output  has  been 
used  with  excellent  results  among  the  cigar  makers. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  read  in  an  article  on  "  Three 
Months  in  Peonage"  in  the  March,  1910,  issue  of  the 
American  Magazine,  that  story- telling  may  produce  the 
same  good  results. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  49 

"The  four  packers  under  me,"  says  the  writer,  a  Ger- 
man white,  who  was  working  with  peons  at  packing  tobacco 
in  Mexico,  'knew  no  greater  joy  than  to  listen  to  a  fairy 
tale  with  the  regulation  princess  and  dragon,  and  if  I 
could  but  tell  them  one,  or  one  of  their  number  did  so,  the 
work  went  twice  as  fast,  and  they  were  happy." 

The  excellent  and  direct  effects  of  entertainment  upon 
health,  fatigue,  etc.,  are  subjects  for  the  scientist  to  study 
and  the  planning  department  and  the  welfare  worker  to 
apply.  The  effects  of  entertainment  upon  output  should 
be  studied  by  the  student  of  motion  economy.  This 
variable  alone  furnishes  a  vast  field  for  investigation. 

HEATING,  COOLING,  VENTILATING 

Heating,  cooling,  ventilating,  and  humidizing  are  closely 
allied,  because  all  can  be  done  with  one  and  the  same 
apparatus,  and  all  greatly  increase  the  workman's  comfort, 
health,  and  possible  number  of  motions. 

Maintaining  desired  temperature  in  summer  as  well  as 
winter  by  forcing  into  workrooms  air  that  has  been  passed 
over  heating  or  refrigerating  coils  has  a  great  effect  on  the 
workman.  Many  factories,  such  as  chocolate  factories, 
have  found  that  cooling  the  ai-r  for  better  results  to  the 
manufacturing  process  also  enables  the  workers  to  pro- 
duce more  output  —  an  output  quite  out  of  proportion  to 
the  cost  of  providing  the  air. 

In  many  trades  requiring  great  alertness  and  physical 
strength  the  proper  heating  and  ventilating  will  allow 


50  MOTION   STUDY 

the  workman  to  dress  in  a  costume  specially  adapted  to 
his  work,  or  to  strip  almost  to  the  athlete's  suit,  with  a 
consequent  increased  number  and  effectiveness  of  motions. 

The  degree  of  temperature  and  the  percentage  of  humid- 
ity desired  for  each  day  of  the  year  should  be  determined. 
The  man  in  charge  of  the  heating  should  receive  no  bonus 
for  small  consumption  of  fuel  unless  he  also  maintained 
the  temperature  and  humidity  called  for  on  his  instruc- 
tion card. 

The  subjects  of  heating,  ventilating,  etc.,  are  well  cov- 
ered by  Mr.  Hugo  Diemer  in  his  book  on  "  Factory  Organ- 
ization and  Administration."  The  proper  time  to  consider 
these  subjects  is  when  the  building  is  designed,  but  too 
often  at  that  time  the  all-important  question  is,  —  How 
cheaply  can  the  building  be  built?  Ultimate  saving  will 
justify  almost  any  conceivable  first  costs. 

LIGHTING 

The  subject  of  lighting  has,  indirectly  as  well  as  directly, 
a  great  influence  upon  output  and  motions,  as  upon  the 
comfort  of  the  eye  depends,  to  a  large  extent,  the  comfort 
of  the  whole  body. 

The  arrangement  of  lighting  in  the  average  office,  fac- 
tory, or  house  is  generally  determined  by  putting  in  the 
least  light  necessary  in  order  that  the  one  who  deter- 
mined the  location  of  the  light  may  be  able  to  see  perfectly. 
This  is  wrong.  The  best  light  is  the  cheapest.  By  that 
is  not  meant  that  which  gives  the  brightest  light.  In  fact, 


VARIABLES   OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  51 

the  light  itself  is  but  a  small  part  of  the  question.  Go 
into  any  factory  and  examine  every  light,  and  you  will 
notice  that  as  a  rule  they  are  obviously  wrong.  A  light 
to  be  right  must  pass  five  tests: 

a.  It  must  furnish  the  user  sufficient  light  so  that  he 
can  see. 

b.  It  must  be  so  placed  that  it  does  not  cause  the  user's 
eyes  to  change  the  size  of  the  diaphragm  when  ordinarily 
using  the  light. 

c.  It  must  be  steady. 

d.  There  shall  not  be  any  polished  surfaces  in  its  vicin- 
ity that  will  reflect  an  unnecessary  bright  spot  anywhere 
that  can  be  seen  by  the  eyes  of  the  worker. 

e.  It  must  be  protected  so  that  it  does  not  shine  in  the 
eyes  of  some  other  worker. 

The  use  of  polished  brass  and  nickel  should  be  aban- 
doned wherever  it  will  shine  in  the  worker's  eye. 

For  work  done  on  a  flat  surface,  like  the  work  of  a  book- 
keeper or  a  reader,  the  light  should  be  placed  where  the 
glare  will  reflect  least  in  the  worker's  eyes;  where  the 
work  is  like  the  examining  of  single  threads,  the  relative 
color  and  figured  pattern  of  the  background,  as  well  as 
good  light,  is  important.  This  is  obvious.  So  is  nearly 
everything  else  in  good  management.  Go  into  the  build- 
ings among  the  workers,  the  students,  and  the  scientists 
and  see  how  rarely  it  is  considered.  All  of  this  is  not  a 
question  of  getting  the  most  out  of  the  light.  Light  in 
a  factory  is  the  cheapest  thing  there  is.  It  is  wholly  a 


52  MOTION  STUDY 

question  of  fatigue  of  the  worker.  The  best  lighting  con- 
ditions will  reduce  the  percentage  of  time  required  for 
rest  for  overcoming  fatigue.  The  difference  between  the 
cost  of  the  best  lighting  and  the  poorest  is  nothing  com- 
pared with  the  saving  in  money  due  to  decreased  time  for 
rest  period  due  to  less  fatigued  eyes. 

It  is  a  similar  case  to  the  taxicab  concerns  —  they 
charge  their  drivers  with  gasoline  and  tires  and  mileage, 
accidents,  etc.,  but  they  furnish  the  lubricating  oil  free. 
The  fallacy  of  the  common  practice  of  putting  the  lighting 
in  the  hands  of  the  man  whose  merit  is  measured  inversely 
as  the  coal  bill  is  obvious. 

The  sub-variables  involved  make  the  problem  as  to 
exactly  what  lighting  is  most  desirable  difficult  of  solution. 
The  proper  solution  will  have  such  a  beneficial  effect,  not 
only  upon  the  man's  work,  but  also  upon  his  welfare,  that 
no  time  or  effort  expended  upon  it  can  be  too  great. 

QUALITY  or  MATERIAL 

It  is  essential  to  the  use  of  standard  motions  and  the 
resulting  large  output  that  all  material  used  shall  be  in 
exactly  that  state  in  which  it  can  be  most  easily  handled 
by  the  worker. 

Examples.  —  i.  If  there  are  lumps  in  the  mortar,  due  to 
pieces  of  brick  or  shavings  or  lumps  of  lime,  or  cement  or 
coarse  pebbles  in  the  sand,  it  is  impossible  for  the  bricklayer 
to  do  his  best  work. 

2.   If  the  sand  is  not  selected  with  reference  to  the  thick- 


VARIABLES   OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  53 

ness  of  joints,  if  the  sequence  of  tiers  and  courses  (see 
Figs.  15  and  16)  and  the  thickness  of  joints  is  determined  by 
the  whim  of  the  bricklayer  on  the  lead,  instead  of  by  the 
planning  department,  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  expect 
high  outputs.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  material  is  of 
exactly  that  consistency  with  which  it  can  be  best  handled, 
and  the  other  conditions  are  determined  on  the  instruction 
card,  much  better  speed  can  be  obtained. 

3.  When  using  cement  mortar  made  of  cement  and  sand 
and  no  lime,  the  bricklayer  will  do  more  and  better  work 
if  a  tender  is  kept  on  the  stock  platform  tempering  the 
mortar  to  just  the  right  consistency  for  the  bricklayers. 

4.  If  the  brick  are  all  handled  in  packs  on  packets  from 
the  time  that  they  arrive  upon  the  job  until  they  reach  the 
bricklayer's  hand,  they  will  each  be  of  better  quality,  due 
to  there  being  little  or  no  chipping  from  handling  and 
throwing  about.     The  bricklayer  will  then  be  saved  the 
useless  motions  of  picking  up  brick  that  are  chipped  and 
discarding  them  again,  to  be  used  only  when  laying  in  the 
filling  tiers. 

REWARDS  AND  PENALTIES 

The  stimulus  that  rewards  and  penalties  give  motions 
is  obvious.  The  discussion  of  reward  and  punishment 
would  come  under  the  head  of  compensation.  It  must  be 
left  to  the  cost  reducing  system  to  determine  just  what 
system  of  compensation  will  induce  the  men  to  do  their 
swiftest,  best  work. 


54  MOTION   STUDY 

SIZE  OF  UNIT  MOVED 

The  most  advantageous  size  of  unit  to  use  is  a  difficult 
problem  to  solve,  and  is  often  controlled  by  some  outside 
factor.  For  example,  the  most  economical  size  of  brick 
has  been  determined  by  the  cost  and  other  conditions 
relating  to  the  making  and  baking,  and  not  by  the  con- 
ditions of  handling  and  laying.  When  the  conditions  of 
laying  are  studied  scientifically,  as  they  are  to-day,  one  is 
forced  to  the  conclusion  that,  for  the  greatest  economy,  the 
size  of  common  brick  should  be  changed  materially  from 
that  of  the  present  practice  in  America.  The  usual  size  of 
the  brick  used  in  England  is  much  larger  than  the  cus- 
tomary size  used  here. 

It  is  obvious  that  there  is  some  size  of  unit  that  is  the 
most  economical  to  make  the  standard  package  for  han- 
dling brick  in  bulk.  We  have  found  it  to  be  ninety-two 
pounds  for  a  first-class  laborer,  either  for  piling  or  loading 
and  unloading  brick  from  carts.  (See  Figs.  17  and  18.) 

Careful  examination  of  brickwork  with  the  object  in 
view  of  selecting  the  most  profitable  motions  has  entirely 
revolutionized  the  methods  of  bricklaying.  For  example, 
the  size  of  unit  that  is  picked  up  when  loose  brick  are 
handled  must  be  one  brick  for  each  hand.  The  packet 
enables  us  to  pick  up  about  eighteen  brick  at  once. 

The  fountain  trowel  permits  us  to  pick  up  and  carry  to 
the  wall  and  spread  mortar  for  twenty-one  brick  at  one 
time  without  dropping  the  regular  trowel  which  forms  a 
temporary  handle  to  it.  (See  Fig.  19.) 


VARIABLES   OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  55 


Fig.  17.  —  Two-horse  carts  with  horses  changed  from  the  empty 
to  the  full  carts  will  require  fewer  and  cheaper  motions  than 
any  other  methods  of  transportation. 


Tig.  1 8.  —  Loading  carts  with  go-pound  packs  of  brick  fed  on 
gravity  conveyors. 


56  MOTION  STUDY 

The  two- wheeled  trucket  permits  carrying  twelve  packets, 
or  216  brick  (see  Fig.  20),  while  the  hod  carries  18  brick, 
and  the  one- wheeled  barrow  carries  60  loose  brick. 


Fig.  19. — The  Fountain  Trowel  for  conveying  and  spreading 
mortar  for  21  brick.  The  regular  trowel  forms  a  temporary 
handle  for  lifting  and  guiding  it. 


SPECIAL  FATIGUE-ELIMINATING  DEVICES 

Only  the  careful  student  of  management  realizes  how 
much  the  speed  of  the  worker  can  be  increased  by  providing 
him  with  all  possible  aids  toward  doing  i.is  work. 

Mr.  Fred.  W.  Taylor,  in  his  paper  on  "Shop  Manage- 
ment," tells  of  a  study  he  made  of  overhauling  a  set  of 
boilers. 

"He  [the  writer]  did  all  of  the  work  of  chipping,  clean- 


VARIABLES   OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  57 

ing,  and  overhauling  a  set  of  boilers,  and  at  the  same  time 
made  a  careful  time  study  of  each  of  the  elements  of  the 
work.  This  time  study  showed  that  a  great  part  of  the 


Fig.  20.  —  The  two- wheeled  trucket  for  carrying  12  packs.  This 
trucket  is  so  perfectly  balanced  that  it  causes  less  fatigue 
than  the  ordinary  wheel-barrow. 


time  was  lost  owing  to  the  constrained  position  of  the  work- 
man. Thick  pads  were  made  to  fasten  to  the  elbows, 
knees,  and  hips;  special  tools  and  appliances  were  made 
for  the  various  details  of  the  work.  .  .  .  The  whole  scheme 
was  much  laughed  at  when  it  first  went  into  use,  but  the 
trouble  taken  was  fully  justified,  for  the  work  was  better 
done  than  ever  before,  and  it  cost  only  eleven  dollars  to 


58  MOTION  STUDY 

completely  overhaul  a  set  of  300  horse-power  boilers  by  this 
method,  while  the  average  cost  of  doing  the  same  work  on 
day  work  without  an  instruction  card  was  sixty-two  dollars.'' 
In  reading  this,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  fatigue- 
eliminating  devices  were  only  one  element  in  increasing 
speed  and  reducing  costs.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
must  be  remembered  also  what  a  large  element  they  were 
in  adding  to  the  comfort  and  ultimate  well-being  of  the 
worker. 

SURROUNDINGS 

"Surroundings"  have  been  previously  discussed  under 
" Fatigue,"  "Appliances,"  etc.  It  is  only  necessary  to 
say  here  that  the  surroundings  of  the  worker  should  be 
standardized,  the  standard  being  derived  from  a  study  of 
all  the  variables. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  highest  possible  records  of  output 
cannot  be  obtained  unless  the  workers  are  furnished  with 
a  standard  instruction  card  made  out  by  the  best  man 
obtainable,  one  who  knows  more  about  their  work  than 
they  do,  and  who  can,  and  does,  provide  them  with  stand- 
ard conditions  that  fulfill  the  most  economical  conditions 
of  motions.  Even  then  daily  outputs  and  unit  costs  must 
be  watched,  so  as  to  take  advantage  of  the  slightest  change 
of  conditions  that  affect  costs.  In  practice,  the  unit  costs 
must  always  also  include  the  wages  of  the  recorder,  other- 
wise one  cannot  tell  when  the  wages  of  the  recorders  are 
not  deceiving  as  to  actual  unit  Costs  under  this  intensive 
management. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  59 

TOOLS 

The  influence  of  the  tools  used  upon  the  output  is  large. 
No  workman  can  possibly  comply  with  standard  motions 
unless  he  has  the  standard  tools.  No  worker  should  ever 
be  obliged  to  furnish  his  own  tools,  if  large  output  is  ex- 
pected. When  workmen  are  obliged  to  furnish  their  own 
tools  (due  to  their  having  too  much  thrift,  lack  of  money, 
or  fear  of  having  them  stolen),  they  usually  use  one  size 
only  of  the  same  kind  of  tool.  On  many  kinds  of  work 
greater  output  can  be  obtained  by  using  two  or  more 
sizes  of  a  tool. 

Example.  —  The  bricklayer  should  use  a  smaller  trowel 
on  pressed  brick  and  a  larger  trowel  on  common  brick. 

Again,  where  workmen  furnish  their  own  tools,  they  use 
them  after  they  are  too  much  worn.  A  shovel  with  a 
worn  blade  will  require  several  motions  to  push  it  into 
the  material  to  fill  it.  It  is  cheaper  in  this  case  to  cut 
off  the  handle  of  the  shovel,  so  that  the  men  cannot  use 
it.  Where  no  records  are  kept  of  their  individual  outputs 
the  men  always  choose  the  shovel  with  the  small  blade. 

It  is  especially  important  that  apprentices  should  be 
supplied  with  proper  tools.  According  to  the  usual  prac- 
tice the  apprentice  is  taught  with  any  tool  procurable. 
He  becomes  adept  and  skilled,  but  often  becomes  so  ac- 
customed to  the  poor  tool  he  has  used  that  he  finds  it 
difficult  to  adapt  himself  to  the  use  of  a  better  new  tool. 
This  seriously  hinders  his  complying  with  demands  for 
standard  quantities  of  output. 


60  MOTION   STUDY 

Tools  should  be  of  standard  size  and  pattern.  Workmen 
should  invariably  be  made  to  use  a  tool  that  will  enable 
them  to  make  standard-sized  outputs  instead  of  using 
a  tool  that  may  seem  "handier"  to  them.  You  cannot 
expect  a  man  to  comply  with  standard  motions  unless  he 
has  the  standard  tool  for  which  his  standard  instruction 
card  was  made  out. 

The  customary  method  in  the  past  for  determining  the 
best  weight  of  tool  to  use  was  to  guess  at  it,  and  to 
use  that  size  of  tool  which  was  thought  to  be  the 
" handiest,"  or  which  it  seemed  could  be  used  with  the 
least  fatigue. 

Makers  of  hand  tools  cater  to  the  whims  of  the  local 
workmen,  and,  as  a  result,  hand  tools  are  made  of  many 
different  designs  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  Makers 
spend  and  waste  great  sums  of  money  making  experi- 
ments and  conducting  selling  campaigns  of  odd  or  new 
designs  of  tools  that  have  no  merit  from  a  motion-economy 
standpoint.  There  should  be  a  bureau  of  testing,  where 
the  actual  value  of  new  shapes,  designs,  and  sizes  of  tools 
could  be  tested  and  rated  in  percentages  of  efficiency  from 
the  standpoint  of  motion  study. 

Critics  will  say  that  such  a  scheme  will  crowd  out  new 
designs,  and  the  benefit  of  the  individual's  inventions  will 
be  lost.  But  it  would  not;  on  the  contrary,  the  testing 
would  give  great  stimulus  to  inventors,  designers,  and  tool 
makers,  for  they  could  then  obtain  the  immediate  atten- 
tion of  the  buyers,  because  they  would  have  the  standard 


VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  6 1 

stamp  of  merit  that  comes  from  the  record  of  a  test  that 
excelled  previous  standards. 

We  have  testing  stations  for  everything  else.  Think 
what  the  societies  for  testing  materials  have  done  for  the 
progress  of  the  world!  Their  records  are  usable  forever,  in 
any  part  of  the  world,  once  they  are  made. 

When  machines  have  to  be  tended,  two  separate  sets  of 
motions  must  be  provided  for: 

1.  The  set  that  the  worker  uses  when  he  is  tending  the 
machine. 

2.  The  set  that  the  worker  uses  to  prepare  tools  and 
material   for  the  machine  while  it  does  not   require  his 
attention. 

All  machines  have  to  be  tended  more  or  less.  Even 
automatic  machinery  has  to  have  attention,  and  it  is  most 
important  here  to  have  motion  study,  because  of  the  earn- 
ing value  of  the  machine  being  lost  while  it  is  shut  down. 

One  sees  occasionally  a  machine  that  can  have  any  and 
every  lever  operated  without  the  operator  taking  a  single 
step,  but  comparatively  few  machines  are  constructed 
with  this  in  mind. 

Machines  requiring  constant  starting  and  stopping  and 
hand  feeding  or  adjusting  should  have  their  various  levers 
so  positioned  that  the  "laws  of  least  effort  of  simultaneous 
motions"  are  complied  with. 

These  laws  will  be  discussed  under  "Variables  of  the 
Motion."  It  is  only  necessary  to  say  here  that  motions 
should  be  similar  on  each  side  of  a  fore  and  aft  vertical 


62  MOTION   STUDY 

plane  passing  through  the  body.  It  is  so  necessary  to 
have  the  motions  similar  that  often  counterbalances  and 
springs  can  be  installed  to  reverse  the  motion,  thus  also 
causing  the  hardest  work  to  be  done  in  the  most  convenient 
direction. 

Anything  that  is  used  very  often  can  be  returned  to 
place  better,  as  well  as  with  less  motions,  by  gravity,  or  by 
the  application  of  the  gravity  by  some  such  means  as  a  string 
and  a  weight.  It  requires  some  skill  to  use  a  wrench,  but 
it  requires  no  skilled  motion  or  thought  to  return  the  wrench 
to  its  exact  resting  place  with  handle  pointing  in  the  most 
economical  direction  for  picking  up  the  next  time  it  is  used. 

The  average  machine  to-day  is  designed  for  a  short 
demonstration  of  quick  output,  with  less  regard  for  the 
least  percentage  of  rest  required  for  overcoming  fatigue 
due  to  continuous  operation.  With  demand  will  come 
supply  of  machines  that  fulfill  all  economical  motion  re- 
quirements. 

UNION  RULES 

The  local  rules  of  some  unions  are  sometimes  a  hin- 
drance to  standardizing  motions  and  thereby  increasing 
output.  The  higher  wages  from  higher  outputs  under 
intensive  management  soon  convert  the  desirable  members, 
however. 

Many  unions  believe  that  extremely  high  outputs  per 
man  are  against  the  interests  of  the  union  as  a  whole,  on 
the  theory  that  they  may  "work  all  of  their  members  out 
of  a  job."  Furthermore,  they  often  think  that  the  sacri- 


VARIABLES  OF  THE   SURROUNDINGS  63 

fice  that  their  one  union  may  make  in  the  world's  en- 
deavor to  reduce  the  cost  of  living  generally,  is  not  properly 
offset  by  having  any  one  trade  or  any  one  locality  practic- 
ing intensive  outputs.  A  few  practical  object  lessons  of 
the  general  increase  in  business  resulting  from  higher 
wages  and  simultaneously  created  lower-production  costs 
will,  however,  always  convince  the  most  prejudiced  be- 
liever in  artificially  restricted  maximum  outputs. 

The  compensat:on  of  workers  will  not  be  discussed  here, 
although  the  basis  of  compensation  does  affect  motions. 


WEIGHT  OF  UNIT  MOVED 

Generally  speaking,  the  weight  of  the  unit  moved  is  of 
three  kinds: 

1.  The  weight  of  that  part  of  the  body  that  is  moved. 

2.  The  weight  of  a  tool  used,   such  as  a  hammer  or 
a  trowel. 

3.  The  weight  of  material  used,   such  as  a  brick,   or 
the  mortar  on  the  trowel. 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  less  of  the  body  moved  the 
less  fatigue. 

The  weight  that  the  tool  should  be  is  determined  by 
the  use  of  the  tool.  In  the  case  of  a  sledge  hammer,  in- 
creased weight  means  increased  efficiency.  A  twenty-five 
pound  sledge  might  break  a  block  of  granite  in  halves 
in  five  blows,  while  a  ten  pound  hammer  might  require 
one  hundred  blows.  In  the  case  of  a  trowel,  increased 
weight  means  decreased  efficiency.  The  heavier  the  trowel, 


64  MOTION  STUDY 

the  greater  the  fatigue  —  with  no  accompanying  gain  in 
output. 

We  have  determined  that  a  cutting-out  hammer  for 
brickwork  should  weigh,  exclusive  of  the  handle,  3.75 
pounds,  but  that  a  hammer  for  drilling  plug  holes  in  granite, 
for  making  dog  holes  in  heavy  stone  blocks,  should  weigh 
4  pounds. 

The  weight  of  units  moved  should  be  standardized. 

Example.  —  There  is  undoubtedly  a  certain  sized  load 
in  a  shovel  that  will  enable  a  first-class  man  to  accom- 
plish the  largest  output  with  his  maximum  effort.  Taylor 
has  found  his  weight  to  be  21.5  pounds.  The  size  of 
shovels  that  should  be  used  should  therefore  be  desig- 
nated on  the  instruction  card  accordingly,  and  exactly 
21.5  pounds  should  be  the  standard  unit  of  weight  of 
material  shoveled. 

SUMMARY 

This  discussion  of  the  variables  of  the  surroundings, 
etc.,  is  not  detailed  —  because  general  discussion  is  self- 
evident,  and  detailed  discussion  must  be  too  specialized 
to  interest  the  general  reader. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the  general  laws, 
logical  and  psychological,  which  underlie  these  variables, 
and  their  effect  on  standardizing  motions.  Each  student 
naturally  applies  these  laws  to  his  own  field,  and  sees  for 
himself  the  opportunities  for  further  study  and  application. 


CHAPTER  IV 
VARIABLES   OF   THE   MOTION 

A  DISCUSSION  of  variables  of  the  motion  opens  up  a  field 
so  large  that  it  is  only  possible  here  to  attempt  to  show 
the  method  of  investigation,  and  to  show  that  each  vari- 
able is  a  necessary  factor  in  making  motions  standard, 
leaving  to  the  universities  and  to  properly  created  and 
equipped  bureaus  of  the  national  government  the  task  of 
reducing  motion  study  to  an  exact  science. 

ACCELERATION 

In  considering  acceleration  of  speed  as  an  element  of 
any  motion,  we  must  determine: 

1.  The  amount  of  acceleration  that  it  is  possible  or 

economical  to  obtain. 

2.  The  means  by  which  the  acceleration  can  be  obtained. 

3.  The  effect  of  the  acceleration  on 

a.  Economy  in  time  required  to  make  the  motion. 

b.  Economy  in  time  required  for  rest  to  overcome 

the  fatigue  of  having  made  the  motion. 

Examples.  —  i.  Laying  brick  on  a  wall  from  a  floor, 
from  the  height  of  the  floor  level  up  to  three  feet  eight 
inches  high  above  the  floor,  can  be  done  with  greatest  speed 


66  MOTION   STUDY 

when  the  brick  to  be  picked  up  are  each  maintained  at  a 
height  of  one  foot  three  inches,  plus  two-thirds  the  height 
that  the  wall  is  higher  than  the  level  of  the  floor  on  which 
the  bricklayer  stands.  The  brick  to  be  picked  up  should 
never  be  higher  than  three  feet  eight  inches  under  any 
circumstances. 

By  maintaining  the  height  of  the  brick  to  be  laid  in  this 
relative  position  to  the  height  of  the  wall,  the  brick  will 
always  be  in  a  position  that  permits  the  bricklayer  to 
accelerate  the  speed  of  transportation  of  the  brick  by  using 
the  path  of  the  quickest  speed. 

While  bricklayers  know  nothing  about  this  in  theory, 
they  very  soon  discover  it  in  practice  by  means  of  their 
higher  recorded  output.  Greater  outputs  will  be  notice- 
able as  an  immediate  result  of  maintaining  the  brick  as 
nearly  as  possible  at  the  heights  above  stated. 

2.  In  laying  the  filling  tiers  in  any  one  course,  it  is  most 
economical  to  lay  the  farthest  filling  tier  first  and  the  next 
farthest  tier  second,  and  so  on.     This  enables  the  brick- 
layer to  accelerate  the  speed  of  transportation  of  the  brick 
up  to  the  instant  that  it  is  deposited  in  the  mortar. 

The  above  practice  is,  of  course,  much  more  important 
on  shove-joint  work  than  on  brick-and-brick  construction. 

3.  The  possible   benefits   from   acceleration   should   be 
taken  into  consideration  when  determining  the  sequence 
in  which  the  tiers  shall  be  laid.     The  position  of  the  feet 
of  the  bricklayer  is  an  important  factor  in  obtaining  the 
acceleration  desired.     For  the  best  results  the  feet  should 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  67 

be  on  separate  springy  planks,  so  that  the  transportation 
of  the  brick  can  be  speeded  up,  in  addition  to  the  speed  of 
the  arms  by  simply  throwing  the  body  by  the  aid  of  the 
spring  of  the  plank.  (See  Fig.  13.) 

AUTOMATICITY 

Nearly  all  often-repeated  motions  become  automatic. 
This  is  especially  true  of  motions  that  require  no  careful 
supervision  of  mind  or  eye. 

The  automaticity  of  motions  is  of  great  assistance  to 
the  worker  whose  training  and  methods  conform  to  stand- 
ardized motions.  This  fact  makes  it  necessary  to  have 
the  apprentice  taught  the  right  motions  first,  last,  and 
always. 

The  automaticity  of  motions  is  a  hindrance  to  the 
worker  who  has  been  accustomed  to  old-fashioned  sur- 
roundings, equipment,  and  tools,  and  who  must  adapt 
himself  to  standard  surroundings. 

Example.  —  A  remarkable  example  of  making  unneces- 
sary motions  as  a  matter  of  habit  is  noticeable  in  places 
where  the  local  bricklayers  have  been  accustomed  to  laying 
brick  that  have  a  decided  difference  in  the  top  and  bottom. 
This  difference  makes  it  necessary  to  lay  no  brick  upside 
down  on  the  line.  When  these  bricklayers  first  worked 
from  packets  with  the  brick  in  the  right  position  to  seize 
right-side  up,  they  would  invariably  flop  and  spin  each 
brick  in  their  hands,  first  wrong-side  up  and  then  back 
again  to  the  original  right-side-up  position. 


68  MOTION  STUDY 

The  worker  who  has  been  trained  wrong  also  finds  it 
difficult  to  change  his  habits  when  he  conforms  to  standard 
methods. 

Example.  —  Occasionally  we  find  the  bricklayer  who 
will  spin  or  flop  a  brick  that  is  to  be  laid  in  the  middle  of 
the  wall,  although  it  makes  no  difference  which  face  of  the 
brick  is  uppermost  in  these  tiers. 

The  best  way  to  cure  motions  that  are  not  necessary  but 
that  are  made  from  force  of  habit  is  to  count  the  motions 
aloud,  endeavoring  to  keep  down  to  the  standard  number 
of  standard  motions. 

When  work  is  done  by  both  hands  simultaneously,  it 
can  be  done  quickest  and  with  least  mental  effort  if  the 
work  is  done  by  both  hands  in  a  similar  manner;  that  is 
to  say,  when  one  hand  makes  the  same  motions  to  the 
right  as  the  other  does  to  the  left. 

Most  work  is  accomplished  when  both  hands  start  work 
at  the  same  time,  and  when  the  motions  can  be  made  at 
the  same  relative  position  on  each  side  of  a  central  fore 
and  aft  vertical  plane  dividing  the  worker's  body  sym- 
metrically. 

Even  if  motions  cannot  be  planned  to  be  similar  for 
each  hand  and  performed  simultaneously,  the  plane  in 
which  the  work  is  to  be  done  should  be  carefully  located. 

If  motions  are  so  arranged  as  to  be  balanced,  as  sug- 
gested, it  is  possible  not  only  to  take  advantage  of  automa- 
ticity,  but  also  to  cut  down  jar  to  the  body.  It  is  on  this 
well-known  principle  that  the  shockless  jarring  machine  is 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  69 

built.  Balanced  motions  counteract  each  other.  The  result 
is,  less  bracing  of  the  body  is  necessary,  and  less  fatigue 
ensues. 

COMBINATION  WITH  OTHER  MOTIONS,  AND  SEQUENCE 

A  motion  may  be  combined  with  motions  that  are 
(a)  similar  to  it,  and  (b)  dissimilar  to  it. 

(a)  If  the  motions  combined  are  similar  to  it,  advantage 
must  be  taken  of  the  automaticity.     Care  must  also  be 
taken  that  all  the  motions  made  in  a  series  of  similar 
motions  are  necessary.     Sometimes  one  effective  motion 
is  preferable  to  several  not  so  effective. 

Examples.  —  i .  When  tapping  a  brick  down  to  grade 
with  a  trowel,  one  brisk  tap  will  do  the  work  as  well  as 
several  light  taps,  and  with  much  less  time  and  effort. 

2 .  If  it  is  necessary  to  spread  mortar  on  a  face  tier,  one 
stroke  of  the  trowel  will  do  the  work  as  well  as  several. 

(b)  If  the  motions  combined  are  dissimilar,  two  motions 
may  often  be  transformed  into  one. 

Example.  —  The  motion  used  to  spread  mortar  may  be 
combined  with  the  motion  used  to  butter  the  end  of  the 
brick  laid  just  before  the  mortar  was  thrown.  Thus,  the 
two  operations  may  be  transformed  into  one,  and  a  saving 
of  time  and  motions  will  result.  In  fact,  so  doing  may 
have  other  distinct  advantages,  such  as  leaving  better 
keying  for  plastering  direct  upon  the  wall. 

This  subject  of  combinations  of  motions  can  barely  be 


70  MOTION   STUDY 

touched  here.  Its  full  treatment  involves  all  other  vari- 
ables, and  it  can  never  be  considered  standardized  till 
each  separate  motion  is  a  standard. 

COST 

The  cost  of  motions,  absolute  and  relative,  is  a  subject 
too  large  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  to  hope  to 
cover.  If  complete  data  are  ever  to  be  gathered  on  it,  the 
cost  keeping,  recording,  and  deducing  will  have  to  be  done 
by  the  government. 

But  all  work  done  by  the  individual  investigator  will 
result  in  real  cost  reducing,  with  increase  of  output,  which 
is  the  ultimate  purpose  of  all  motion  study. 

The  relative  cost  of  labor  and  material  must  be  considered. 

Examples.  —  i.  A  bricklayer  should  never  stop  to  pick 
up  dropped  mortar.  The  mortar  dropped  is  not  so  val- 
uable as  the  motions  necessary  to  save  it. 

2.  That  quality  of  mortar   that  is  easiest  handled  by 
the  bricklayer  is  usually  cheapest.     The  cost  of  grinding 
up  the  lumps  in  the  sand,  cement,  and  lime  is  less  than  the 
cost  of  the  motions  necessary  to  pick  the  lumps  out  with 
a  trowel. 

3.  It  is  usually  cheaper  to  fill  a  closer,  say  less  than  one- 
half  a  brick  in  size,  on  the  interior  tiers,  with  even  the  best 
of  cement,  than  it  is  to  cut  a  special  piece  of  brick  to  fit  or 
to  walk  a  few  steps  to  find  one  the  right  size.     The  extra 
cost  of  the  mortar  is  negligible  compared  with  the  cost  of 
the  motions. 


VARIABLES   OF  THE  MOTION  71 

The  relative  cost  of  motions  of  higher  and  lower  grades    A/ 
of  labor  must  also  be  considered. 

It  is  obvious  that,  other  things  being  equal,  it  is  cheaper 
to  have  a  low-priced  man  instead  of  a  high-priced  man 
make  the  same  motion;  but  only  the  most  careful  study 
can  determine  all  of  the  motions  that  could  be  taken  from 
the  high-priced  man  and  allotted  to  one  or  more  grades  of 
lower-priced  men.  This  can  never  be  wholly  or  properly 
accomplished  until  our  present  trades,  with  their  inher- 
ited conditions  and  traditions,  have  been  reclassified  to 
meet  modern  conditions. 

In  some  trades  it  is  very  difficult  to  effect  such  division 
of  work,  as  unions  are  opposed  to  having  anything  relating 
to  skilled  work  done  by  laborers. ; 

Examples.  —  i.  In  the  most  highly  unionized  districts 
carpenters  only  are  allowed  to  unload  the  rough  lumber 
from  the  cars,  and  none  but  carpenters  are  allowed  to 
transport,  lift,  and  erect,  as  well  as  to  fabricate  it. 

2.  In  bricklaying  the  case  is  slightly  different.  The 
work  of  transporting  the  brick  to  the  place  where  they  are 
to  be  laid  has  always  been  done  by  tenders  and  laborers. 
The  bricklayer  never  wheels  or  carries  brick.  This  is  a 
tradition  long  handed  down.  Yet  he  is  most  jealous  that 
no  part  of  his  own  work  shall  be  done  by  a  tender  or 
a  laborer. 

During  the  time  that  brick  construction  was  practically" 
without  competitors  in  its  field,  the  bricklayer  could  insist 
on  his  ancient  privileges  and  prosper. 


72  MOTION   STUDY 

The  inroads  of  concrete,  both  plain  and  reinforced,  how- 
ever, have  changed  conditions,  and  the  bricklayer  himself 
is,  more  than  any  other  one  factor,  the  cause  of  many  cases 
of  substitutions  of  concrete  for  brick. 

The  architecture  of  any  country  is  determined  by  the 
relative  cost  of  building  materials  in  place,  and  the  history 
of  the  world  shows  that  the  way  to  get  the  most  of  any  one 
thing  used  is  to  make  it  the  lowest  in  price. 

The  one  thing  that  will  reduce  the  price  of  brickwork 
more  than  any  other  is  to  reduce  the  cost  of  the  motions. 

After  the  laws  underlying  motion  study  have  all  been 
applied,  the  cost  of  motions  can  still  be  reduced  from  one- 
third  to  one-half  by  separating  the  motions  of  the  brick- 
layer into  at  least  two  classes,  such  as,  for  example: 

1.  Those  that  require  skill. 

2.  Those  that  require  nothing  but  strength,  endurance, 
and  speed. 

Those  that  require  skill  should  be  divided  into  several 
classes,  according  to  the  amount  of  skill  required;  those 
that  chiefly  require  skill  should  be  handled  by  mechanics, 
and  those  that  chiefly  require  strength,  endurance,  and 
speed  should  be  handled  by  specially  trained  laborers. 
This  is  the  only  way  to  enable  brickwork  to  compete  with 
concrete,  when  all  of  the  architects,  engineers,  owners, 
and  contractors  shall  have  learned  the  full  possibilities  of 
concrete. 

It  will  be  urged  that  such  division  of  the  work  of 
bricklaying  will  lower  die  general  skill  of  the  bricklayers 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  73 

as  a  class.  Far  from  it!  All  operations  requiring  skill 
will  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  bricklayer,  who,  escaping 
all  work  that  unskilled  hands  could  do,  will  have  the  more 
time  and  energy  to  devote  to  the  "art"  element  of  his  work. 

But  we  are  not  at  this  time  discussing  "brickwork  as  a 
lost  art"  -we  cite  bricklaying  here  as  an  example  of  the 
cost  of  motions,  the  result  of  the  effects  of  cost  of  motions, 
and  of  the  possibilities  and  importance  of  motion  study  as 
a  method  of  attack  in  cost  reducing  and  in  standardizing 
the  trades  for  the  greatest  possible  economy. 

What  greater  service  can  the  bricklayer  do  both  his  trade 
and  the  people  who  own  or  occupy  houses  than  to  reduce 
the  cost  of  the  motions  in  brickwork  without  reducing  his 
own  wages  or  increasing  his  hours? 

The  elimination  of  wastes  is  the  problem  that  has  been 
forced  to  the  attention  of  the  entire  world  to-day,  and  of 
America  particularly.  The  elimination  of  wastes  in  the 
trades  offers  the  largest  field  for  savings. 

Every  trade  must  be  reclassified,  and  must  have  the 
brawn  motions  separated  from  the  skill  motions.  Scien- 
tific division  of  the  work  to  be  done  is  as  sure  to  result  in 
higher  wages  and  lower  production  costs  as  did  F.  W. 
Taylor's  separating  the  planning  from  the  performing. 

The  reason  that  our  country  is  not  astounded  and  con- 
fused at  the  appalling  unnecessary  loss  to  its  inhabitants 
on  account  of  unnecessary,  wasteful,  and  improper  mo- 
tions of  its  workers  is  due  to  ignorance  of  the  existence  of 
this  loss,  and  to  ignorance  of  any  method  of  eliminating  it. 


-.  ,» 


74  MOTION  STUDY 

The  loss  due  to  the  present  classification  of  the  trades 
alone  is  probably  more  than  sufficient  to  pension,  under 
full  pay,  one-half  of  the  workers  of  the  country;  is  cer- 
tainly enough  to  enable  all  of  the  women  and  children  in 
the  trades  to  remain  out  of  the  trades  and  be  paid  at 
their  regular  wages. 

While  such  action  is  not  even  recommended,  the  illus- 
tration is  used  to  emphasize  the  enormous  waste  going 
on  daily  and  yearly. 

That  we  go  on  year  after  year  submitting  to  this  waste 
because  our  present  trades  are  handled  in  accordance 
with  ancient  conditions  entirely  out  of  place  in  our  pres- 
ent civilization,  is  no  longer  necessary  and  without 
excuse. 

Let  the  government  t:all  its  scientific  managerial  experts 
together  and  make  a  test  of  one  trade,  reclassify  it,  and 
publish  the  data.  The  object  lesson  thus  presented  will 
cause  to  be  taken  the  necessary  further  steps  to  remedy 
the  present  system  of  handling  the  trades.  The  workers  will 
each  be  able  to  earn  higher  wages  when  the  unions  see  that 
they  are  benefited,  and  the  labor  interests  will  cooperate. 
The  cost  of  living  will  be  reduced  as  by  no  other  means, 
»  and  all  this  by  scientifically  reclassifying  the  trades! 


DIRECTION 

In  most  cases,  the  direction  of  a  motion  that  is  most 
economical  is  the  one  that  utilizes  gravitation  the  most. 
Oftentimes  delivering  material  to  a  high-priced  work- 


VARIABLES   OF   THE   MOTION 


75 


man  by  leaving  the  material  in  a  high  position  also  makes 
easy  unloading  for  the  low-priced  workman. 

Example.  —  Stacking  up  packs  2  feet  high  saves  motions, 
and  saves  stooping  when  the  laborer  unloads  his  trucket. 
(See  Fig.  21.) 

" Direction"  admirably  serves  as  an  illustration  of  the 


Fig.  21. —  Trucket  for  storing  reserve  packs  stacked  up  2  ft.  high, 
to  save  stooping  when  it  is  being  unloaded. 


close  interrelation  of  the  variables.  It  is  closely  con- 
nected with  "path."  It  involves  discussions  of  anatomy, 
acceleration,  and  speed.  It  demands  consideration  of  all 
variables  of  surroundings,  equipment,  and  tools. 

The  best  " direction  of  motion"  is  not  only  important 
in  itself  for  increase  of  output;  it  must  also  be  kept  con- 
stantly in  mind  in  standardizing  the  placing  of  both 
materials  and  men. 


76  MOTION  STUDY 

EFFECTIVENESS 

Effectiveness  has  been  touched  upon  in  discussing 
" combination  with  other  motions." 

An  effective  motion  is  one  that  produces  the  desired 
result.  Oftentimes  whole  processes,  methods,  and  oper- 
ations can  be  so  changed  as  to  make  the  succeeding 
motions  much  more  effective. 

Example. --The   introduction   of   the   fountain   trowel, 


Fig.  22. —  The  Fountain  Trowel. 

used  in  connection  with  an  ordinary  trowel,  made  each 
motion  in  handling  mortar  much  more  effective.  (See 
Figs.  19,  22.) 

FOOT-POUNDS  OF  WORK  ACCOMPLISHED 
After  all,  a  human  being  or  a  work  animal  is  a  power 
plant,  and  is  subject  to  nearly  all  the  laws  that  govern 
and  limit  the  power  plant.     It  is  a  law  of  motion  study 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  77 

that,  other  things  being  equal,  the  less  number  of  footr  (  j 
pounds  of  work  done  by  the  workman,  the  smaller  percent4 
age  of  working  hours  he  must  devote  to  rest  to  overcome^ 
fatigue. 

It  is  therefore  of  great  importance  in  obtaining  the 
largest  possible  output  that  the  work  shall  be  so  arranged 
and  the  workman  so  placed  that  he  can  do  his  work  with 
the  least  possible  amount  of  foot-pounds  of  work  done  per 
unit  of  output  accomplished.  This  is  where  the  philan- 
thropic employer  has  often  been  rewarded  without  know- 
ing it.  In  his  desire  to  make  conditions  such  that  the 
workman  was  most  comfortable  while  working,  he  .re- 
duced the  number  of  foot-pounds  of  work  to  that  which 
was  absolutely  necessary  to  do  the  work.  He  surrounded  V 
the  workman  with  conditions  that  enabled  him  to  have  no 
fatigue,  except  that  which  was  acquired  from  the  motions 
of  the  work  itself:  He  made  conditions  such  that  the 
workman  was  enabled  to  overcome  the  fatigue  from  his 
motions  in  the  quickest  possible  time.  (See  Fig.  23.) 


INERTIA  AND  MOMENTUM  OVERCOME 

There  are  two  ways  by  which  the  amount  of  inertia 
and  momentum  may  be  reduced. 

i.  By  standardizing  surroundings  and  equipment  so 
that  the  inertia  and  the  momentum  are  limited  to  practi- 
cally that  of  the  materials,  and  not  the  materials  plus 
arms  and  body. 


78  MOTION  STUDY 

Example.  —  Picking  up  ninety  pounds  of  brick  at  one 
lifting. 

2.  By  so  standardizing  motions  that  as  few  starts  and 
stops  as  possible  occur  from  the  time  the  material  leaves 
the  sto?k  pile  till  the  time  it  is  in  its  final  resting  place  in 
the  work. 

Example.  —  In  laying  brick  by  the  "  pick-and-dip " 
method  on  face  tiers,  a  brick  is  lifted  in  one  hand  and  a 
trowel  full  of  mortar  in  the  other.  The  brick  must  come 
to  a  full  stop  in  the  bricklayer's  hand  while  the  mortar  is 
being  laid  and  the  bed  prepared,  and  then  move  to  its 
final  resting  place,  unless  brick  and  mortar  are  dropped  in 
two  different  places. 

In  laying  brick  by  the  "  stringing- mortar "  method,  the 
mortar  is  laid  and  the  bed  prepared  before  the  bricks  are 
lifted.  The  brick  are  conveyed  from  the  pack  to  the  wall 
without  interruption  or  delay. 

Standard  methods  of  performing  work  may  enable  the 
worker  to  utilize  the  momentum. 

Example.  — •  If  the  bricks  are  conveyed  from  the  stock 
platform  or  pack  to  the  wall  with  no  stops,  the  momentum 
can  be  made  to  do  valuable  work  by  assisting  to  shove 
the  joints  full  of  mortar.  If,  instead  of  being  utilized, 
the  momentum  must  be  overcome  by  the  muscles  of  the 
bricklayer,  fatigue,  not  full  joints,  will  result. 

The  ideal  case  is  to  move  the  brick  in  a  straight 
path  and  make  the  contact  with  the  wall  overcome  the 
momentum. 


VARIABLES   OF  THE  MOTION  79 

* 

LENGTH 

A  general  rule  of  motion  economy  is  to  make  the  short- 
est motions  possible. 
Eliminating  unnecessary  distances  that  workers'  hands 


Fig.  23.  —  Common  type  of  Trestle  Horse  Staging.  Bricklayers  cannot  be 
expected  to  lay  as  many  brick  per  day  when  working  in  this  position  as 
when  standing  up  between  a  wall  and  a  stock  platform,  each  2  ft.  high. 

and  arms  must  travel,  will  eliminate  miles  of  motions  per 
man  in  a  working  day  as  compared  with  usual  practice. 

Example.  —  Put  the  wheelbarrow  body  as  close  as  pos- 
sible to  the  pile  that  is  to  be  put  into  it,  so  that  the  dis- 
tance the  packets  are  carried  from  the  pile  to  the  barrow, 


80  MOTION   STUDY 

or  the  sand  from  the  pile  to  the  barrow,  will  be  the  shortest 
distance  possible. 

Of  the  necessary  distance  to  be  walked  or  reached, 
have  as  much  of  it  as  possible  done  by  the  low-priced 
man,  and  have  as  little  of  it  as  possible  done  by  the  high- 
priced  man. 

Example.  — -  With  brick,  have  the  tender  put  the  pack 
of  brick  as  near  the  final  resting  place  of  the  brick  as  con- 
ditions will  permit,  so  that  when  the  high-priced  man  picks 
up  a  pack  of,  say,  eighteen  bricks,  he  requires  a  short  mo- 
tion only. 

Have  the  high-priced  worker  always  use  first  the  stock 
that  is  nearest,  this  rule  requiring  the  shortest  motions 
in  conveying  the  stock  to  its  final  resting  place. 

Example.  —  In  picking  up  brick  from  a  packet  or  a 
scaffold  the  nearest  brick  should  be  picked  up  first.  The 
brick  that  are  farthest  away  serve  as  a  reserve  stock  pile, 
to  be  picked  up  only  in  the  emergency  of  not  having  any 
others  nearer  to  pick  up.  It  may  be  that  the  brick  farthest 
away  may  not  need  to  be  used  on  that  piece  of  work  at 
all,  or  at  least  their  place  will  not  be  occupied  so  many 
times  by  bricks  to  be  transported  with  longer  motions. 

Standard  tools,  equipment,  and  surroundings  are  essen- 
tial if  length  of  motions  is  to  be  made  standard. 

As  already  said  when  discussing  clothes,  the  workman 
of  the  present  should  have  even  his  overalls,  belt,  and 
clothes  so  designed  that  they  will  hold  the  different  kinds 
of  tools  that  are  oftenest  used,  so  that  they  may  be  picked 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  8 1 

up  in  the  shortest  time  —  that  is,  with  pockets  for  nails, 
clips,  clamps,  etc.  The  tools  should  be  so  placed  that 
the  least  and  shortest  motions  can  be  used  after  they  are 
picked  up,  as  cartridges  are  placed  in  a  cartridge  belt. 

NECESSITY 

The  necessity  of  the  motion  is  such  an  important  vari- 
able that  an  investigator  is  tempted  at  first  glance  to 
divide  all  motions  into  necessary  and  unnecessary,  and 
to  eliminate  with  one  stroke  those  that  appear  to  him 
unnecessary.  A  more  thorough  investigation  will  be 
apt  to  prove  that  no  such  summary  elimination  is 
advisable. 

A  motion  may  be  an  unnecessary  motion  in  a  necessary 
sequence,  or  it  may  be  a  necessary  motion  in  a  certain 
sequence,  but  the  whole  sequence  may  be  unnecessary  or 
inadvisable. 

Example.  —  In  opening  a  paper  bag  of  cement  the  aver- 
age untrained  laborer  usually  cuts  the  bag  in  two  and  re- 
moves the  paper  in  several  pieces  and  with  many  motions. 
The  correct  way  is  to  cut  the  bottom  with  a  shovel  and 
pull  the  bag  upward  in  one  piece  by  grasping  the  bag  just 
above  the  string. 

This  example  shows  both  how  motions  may  be  unneces- 
sary in  themselves  and  how  they  may  belong  to  a  sequence 
that  is  unnecessary. 

The  only  final  solution  as  to  the  necessity  of  a  motion 
will  come  when  the  trades  are  completely  standardized. 


82  MOTION  STUDY 

It  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  or  not  a  motion  is 
absolutely  necessary  until  the  method  of  doing  the  work 
in  which  it  is  used  is  standard. 

Examples.  —  i.  Motions  which  were  relatively  proved 
necessary  in  laying  brick  by  the  "pick-and-dip"  method 
or  "  stringing-mortar "  method,  the  brick  being  lifted  from 
the  stock  platform,  became  absolutely  unnecessary  when 
the  "packet-on-the-wall"  method  of  handling  brick  was 
adopted. 

2.  The  same  thing  is  true  of  motions  eliminated  by 
handling  mortar  in  a  fountain  trowel. 

The  final  solution  of  the  problem  of  necessity  of  motions 
will  be  discussed  later,  though  the  subject  is  so  large  that 
no  amount  of  discussion  could  do  more  than  touch  it. 

PATH 

The  determination  of  the  path  which  will  result  in  the 
greatest  economy  of  motion  and  the  greatest  increase  of 
output  is  a  subject  for  the  closest  investigation  and  the 
most  scientific  determination.  Not  until  data  are  accu- 
mulated by  trained  observers  can  standard  paths  be 
adopted.  The  laws  underlying  physics,  physiology,  and 
psychology  must  be  considered  and  followed.  In  the 
meantime,  merely  applying  the  results  of  observation  will 
reduce  motions  and  costs  and  increase  output  to  an 
amazing  degree. 

The  path  most  desirable  is  usually  that  which  permits 
gravitation  to  assist  in  carrying  the  material  to  place. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  83 

Example.  —  We  have  found  that  the  most  economical 
height  for  laying  brick  is  twenty-four  inches  above  where 
the  bricklayer  stands,  while  it  is  most  economical  to  pick 
the  brick  from  a  height  about  three  feet  above  where  the 
bricklayer  stands;  that  is,  about  one  foot  higher  than  the 
top  of  the  wall  where  the  brick  is  to  be  laid. 

The  path  is  affected  by  the  direction  that  the  material 
is  to  be  shoved  as  it  moves  into  its  final  resting  place. 

Examples.  —  When  the  packet  is  placed  on  the  wall  it 
should  be  placed  so  that  the  brick  can  be  picked  up  and 
moved  in  a  comparatively  straight  line  with  the  direction 
that  the  brick  will  be  shoved  for  filling  a  joint. 

In  theory  the  ideal  path  would  be  in  a  line  of  quickest 
speed  from  the  stock  platform  to  the  wall. 

In  practice  it  is  seldom  that  the  most  economical  path  for 
carrying  a  brick  or  mortar  from  the  stock  platform  to  the 
wall  is  exactly  a  straight  line  from  one  to  the  other.  It 
will  generally  be  most  economical  to  move  the  brick  in 
the  path  that  will  bend  the  arms  the  least  and  that  will 
permit  almost  a  swing  from  the  shoulder. 

PLAYING  FOR  POSITION 

Each  motion  should  be  made  so  as  to  be  most  eco- 
nomically combined  with  the  next  motion,  like  the  bil- 
liard player  who  plays  for  position. 

The  direction  in  which  a  motion  is  made  may  affect  the 
time  required  for  a  subsequent  motion. 

Example.  —  In  laying  brick  the  motion  of  placing  the 


84  MOTION   STUDY 

mortar  for  the  end  joint  can  be  done  quickest  if  it  is  done 
in  the  direction  of  the  next  motion,  such,  for  example,  as 
the  next  motion  that  puts  the  trowel  in  the  position  to 
cut  off  the  hanging  mortar. 

The  sequence  of  motions  in  bricklaying,  that  determines   * 
when  the  particular  motion  is  to  be  made  that  puts  the 
mortar  in  the  end  joint,  depends  upon  whether  the  "pick- 
and-dip"  or  the  "  stringing-mortar "  method  is  used. 

When  the  motions  are  made  in  the  correct  sequence, 
many  of  them  can  be  combined  so  that  two,  and  in  some 
cases  three,  motions  can  be  made  as  one  motion,  in  but 
little  more  time  than  is  required  for  one  motion. 

Example.  —  Cutting  off  mortar,  buttering  the  end  of  the 
laid  brick,  and  reaching  for  more  mortar  all  as  one  motion, 
in  the  "pick-and-dip"  method. 

SPEED 

Usually,  the  faster  the  motions,  the  more  output.  There 
are  other  advantages  to  speed  of  motions  besides  the  fact 
that  they  require  less  time.  Speed  increases  momentum, 
and  this  momentum  may  be  utilized  to  do  work. 

Example.  —  The  momentum  of  the  brick  helps  to  shove 
the  mortar  better  into  the  joint. 

Again,  high  outputs  are  generally  the  result  of  the 
habit  of  speed  in  motions.  Habits  of  speed  are  hard  to 
form,  and  they  are  hard  to  break. 

Next  to  fewest  motions,  speed  of  motions  is  the  most 
important  factor  of  high  record  of  outputs. 


VARIABLES  OF  THE  MOTION  85 

The  list  of  variables  here  given  makes  no  claim  to  being 
complete.  The  field  of  study  is  so  immense  that  it  is  im- 
possible as  yet  to  give  a  complete  and  detailed  method  of 
attack. 

It  will  be  noted  in  reading  the  discussion  of  the  vari- 
ables that  it  has  been  found  extremely  difficult  to  handle 
each  one  separately.  It  is  needless  to  tell  the  student,  the 
investigator,  the  cost-reducing  manager,  that,  difficult  as 
the  task  is,  for  the  best  results  each  variable  must  be 
studied  alone.  The  effects  of  all  variables  but  one  must 
be  eliminated,  or,  better  perhaps,  all  variables  but  one 
must  be  maintained  constant. 

Quicker  results  may  often  be  obtained  by  studying 
several  variables  simultaneously,  and  for  short  jobs  this 
may  be  advisable.  But  for  long  jobs  of  repetitive  work 
there  is  no  way  so  accurate  and  satisfactory  as  studying 
one  variable  at  a  time. 


CHAPTER  V 

PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF  MOTION 
STUDY 

WORK  ACCOMPLISHED 

CONSIDERED  in  relation  to  the  time  during  which  it  has 
been  applied  to  the  trades,  scientific  motion  study  can  show 
most  satisfactory  results. 

The  workers  in  the  field  as  well  as  in  the  office  have  been 
quick  to  appreciate  and  adopt  the  new  methods  suggested 
by  motion  economy. 

This  has  been  especially  the  case  in  the  crafts.  Nearly 
every  proficient  workman  loves  his  trade.  He  loves  the 
joy  of  achievement.  He  can  achieve  most  when  useless 
motions  have  been  eliminated  for  him,  and  he  welcomes 
improvements,  as  the  bricklayers  have  welcomed  the  brick 
coming  right  side  up  on  the  packet. 

MAGNITUDE  or  WORK  TO  BE  DONE 
To  the  casual  reader  it  may  seem  that  the  task  of  evolv- 
ing standard  practice  from  usual  present  practice,  and 
from  the  best  practice,  is  simply  a  case  of  observing,  re- 
cording, and  eliminating.  The  student  will  see  that  it 
requires  the  closest  concentration  to  do  even  the  necessary 

scientific  observing  and  recording,  while  to  deduce  and 

86 


XV     ^      OF 

-- 
PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      87 

systematize  standard  motions  for  any  one   trade  would 
furnish  a  life  work  for  several  trained  scientists. 

It  is  a  difficult  task  for  an  inexperienced  or  untrained 
observer  to  divide  an  operation  correctly  into  its  motions. 
Enumerating  the  variables  that  affect  each  motion  is  a 
task  big  enough  to  satisfy  the  most  ambitious  student  of 
waste  elimination. 

VALUE  OF  CHARTS 

We  have  found  it  helpful  in  recording  our  observa- 
tions to  use  charts.  Some  such  form  as  that  shown  on 
pages  88  and  89  is  used. 

This  chart  is  one  made  during  an  observation  of  bricklay- 
ing before  the  invention  of  the  packet,  the  packet  scaffold, 
and  the  fountain  trowel. 

The  operation  of  laying  a  brick  was  divided  into  the 
motions  of  which  it  consisted  (column  i).  The  usual 
(present)  practice  of  the  time  (given  as  "the  wrong  way," 
column  2)  showed  the  units  into  which  the  operation  was 
divided.  The  best  practice  of  the  time  ("the  right  way," 
column  3,  now  obsolete)  was  charted  in  such  a  way  that 
its  relation  from  a  motion  standpoint  to  the  usual  practice 
was  clearly  shown. 

Column  4  shows  how  the  usual  practice  may  be  trans- 
formed into  the  best  practice.  It  would  serve  as  an  in- 
struction card  to  the  workman,  showing  him  not  only 
where  his  method  needed  to  be  improved  but  also  exactly 
how  to  improve  it. 


88 


MOTION  STUDY 


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90  MOTION   STUDY 

This  chart,  together  with  a  plan  showing  the  workman 
where  he  should  put  the  stock  and  where  he  should  place 
his  feet  (Fig.  14),  and  with  pictures  showing  how  he  should 
lay  the  brick,  etc.,  proved  most  successful  for  instruction 
as  well  as  for  recording. 

At  first  glance  this  chart,  and  the  others  like  it,  which 
we  used  at  that  time,  seem  very  crude.  In  fact,  compared 
to  what  has  since  been  done  to  standardize  operations, 
they  are  crude.  But  they  mark  a  distinct  phase  of  motion 
study.  They  show  plainly,  as  careful  reading  will  prove, 
that  an  earnest  study  of  motions  will  automatically  pro- 
mote the  growth  of  the  study. 

For  example,  study  of  column  4  in  the  sample  chart 
given  led  to  the  invention  of  the  packet  scaffold,  the 
packet,  the  fountain  trowel,  and  several  other  of  the  best 
devices,  and  the  upacket-on- the- wall"  method  now  used 
in  brickwork. 

These  inventions  in  their  turn  necessitated  an  entirely 
new  set  of  motions  to  perform  the  operation  of  laying  a 
brick. 

i  So,  likewise,  the  progression  also  went  on  before  the 
days  of  conscious  motion  study:  observation,  explanation, 
invention,  elimination,  and  again  observation,  in  an  upward 
helix  of  progress. 

The  great  point  to  be  observed  is  this:  Once  the  vari- 
ables of  motions  are  determined,  and  the  laws  of  underly- 
ing motions  and  their  efficiency  deduced,  conformity  to 
these  laws  will  result  in  standard  motions,  standard  tools, 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF   MOTION   STUDY      9 1 

standard  conditions,  and  standard  methods  of  performing 
the  operations  of  the  trades. 

Conformity  to  these  laws  allows  standard  practice  to  be 
attained  and  used.  If  the  standard  methods  are  deduced 
before  the  equipment,  tools,  surroundings,  etc.,  are  stand- 
ardized, the  invention  of  these  standard  means  is  as  sure 
as  the  appearance  of  a  celestial  body  at  the  time  and  place 
where  mathematics  predicts  that  it  will  appear. 

It  is  as  well  to  recognize  first  as  last  that  real  progress 
from  the  best  present  method  to  the  standard  method  can 
never  be  made  solely  by  elimination.  The  sooner  this  is 
recognized  the  better.  Elimination  is  often  an  admirable 
makeshift.  But  the  only  real  progress  comes  through  a 
reconstruction  of  the  operation,  building  it  up  of  stand- 
ardized units,  or  elements. 

It  is  also  well  to  recognize  the  absolute  necessity  of  the 
trained  scientific  investigator.  The  worker  cannot,  by  him- 
self, arrange  to  do  his  work  in  the  most  economical  manner 
in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  motion  study.  Oftentimes, 
in  fact  nearly  always,  the  worker  will  believe  that  the  new 
method  takes  longer  than  the  old  method.  At  least  he 
will  be  positive  that  many  parts,  or  elements,  of  the  pro- 
cess when  done  under  the  new  method  take  longer  than 
under  the  old  style,  and  will  not  be  in  sympathy  with  the 
scheme  because  he  is  sure  that  the  new  way  is  not  so 
efficient  as  his  old  way.  All  of  which  shows  that  the  worker 
himoelf  cannot  tell  which  are  the  most  advantageous 
motions.  He  must  judge  by  the  fatigue  that  he  feels,  or 


Q2  MOTION   STUDY 

else  by  the  quantity  of  output  accomplished  in  a  given 
time.  To  judge  by  the  quantity  of  output  accomplished  in 
a  given  time  is  more  of  a  test  of  effort  than  a  test  of  mo- 
tion study,  and  oftentimes  that  element  that  will  produce 
the  most  output  is  the  one  that  will  cause  the  least  fatigue. 

The  difference  in  amount  of  merit  between  any  two 
methods  can  perhaps  be  best  determined  by  timing  the 
elements  of  the  motions  used  in  each.  This  is  the  method 
of  attack  usually  accepted  as  best,  because  it  separates  each 
motion  into  its  variables  and  analyzes  them  one  at  a  time. 
It  is  out  of  the  question  to  expect  a  workman  to  do  such 
timing  and  to  do  his  work  at  the  same  time.  Furthermore, 
it  is  an  art  in  itself  to  take  time-study  observations,  an  art 
that  probably  takes  longer  to  master  than  does  shorthand, 
typewriting,  telegraphy,  or  drafting. 

Few  workers  have  had  an  opportunity  to  learn  the  art 
of  making  and  using  time-study  observations,  because 
our  school  educators  have  not  had  any  mental  grasp 
of  the  subject  themselves.  Add  to  the  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  in  acquiring  the  knowledge  of  observing,  re- 
cording, and  analyzing  the  time-study  records,  the  knowl- 
edge necessary  to  build  up  synthetically  the  correct  method 
with  each  element  strictly  in  accordance  with  the  laws 
of  motion  economy  each  by  itself  and  when  used  together 
in  the  particular  determined  sequence,  and  you  will  see 
the  reason  why  the  worker  by  himself  has  not  devised, 
cannot,  and  never  will  be  expected  to  devise,  the  ultimate 
method  of  output.  It  does  not  then,  after  all,  seem  so 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      93 

queer  that  the  workman's  output  can  always  be  doubled 
and  oftentimes  more  than  tripled  by  scientific  motion  study. 
Again,  scientifically  attained  methods  only  can  become 
Ultimate  methods. 

Any  method  which  seems  after  careful  study  to  have 
attained  perfection,  using  absolutely  the  least  number  of 
most  effective,  shortest  motions,  may  be  thrown  aside 
when  a  new  way  of  transporting  or  placing  material  or 
men  is  introduced.  It  is  pitiful  to  think  of  the  time,  money, 
strength,  and  brains  that  have  been  wasted  on  devising 
and  using  wonderfully  clever  but  not  fundamentally  de- 
rived methods  of  doing  work,  which  must  inevitably  be 
discarded  for  the  latter. 

The  standardizing  of  the  trades  will  utilize  every  atom 
of  such  heretofore  wasted  energy. 

The  standardizing  of  the  trades  affords  a  definite  best 
method  of  doing  each  element. 

Having  but  one  standard  method  of  doing  each  element 
divides  the  amount  of  time-study  data  necessary  to  take 
by  a  number  equal  to  the  number  of  different  equally  good 
methods  that  could  be  used. 

The  greatest  step  forward  can  be  made  only  when  time- 
study  data  can  be  made  by  one  and  used  by  all.  A  system 
of  interchange  and  cooperation  in  the  use  of  the  data  of 
scientific  management  can  then  be  used  by  all  persons 
interested. 

This  reduction  and  simplification  of  taking  time  study  is 
the  real  reason  for  insistence  upon  making  and  maintain- 


94  MOTION   STUDY 

ing  standards  for  the  largest  down  to  the  smallest  insig- 
nificant tool  or  device  used. 

Much  toward  standardizing  the  trades  has  already  been 
done.  In  this,  as  in  almost  countless  other  lines  of  activity, 
the  investigator  turns  oftenest  with  admiration  to  the 
work  of  Frederick  W.  Taylor.  It  is  the  never-ceasing 
marvel  concerning  this  man  that  age  cannot  wither  nor 
custom  stale  his  work.  After  many  a  weary  day's  study 
the  investigator  awakes  from  a  dream  of  greatness  to 
find  that  he  has  only  worked  out  a  new  proof  for  a  problem 
that  Taylor  has  already  solved. 

Time  study,  the  instruction  card,  functional  foreman- 
ship,  the  differential  rate  piece  method  of  compensation, 
and  numerous  other  scientifically  derived  methods  of  de- 
creasing costs  and  increasing  output  and  wages — these  are 
by  no  means  his  only  contributions  toward  standardizing 
the  trades  whose  value  it  would  be  difficult  to  overesti- 
mate; they  are  but  a  few  of  the  means  toward  attaining 
standards  which  have  been  placed  by  Taylor,  their  dis- 
coverer, within  the  hands  of  any  man  willing  to  use  them. 

FUTURE  WORK  IN  STANDARDIZING  THE  TRADES 
The  great  need  to-day  in  standardizing  the  trades  is  for 
cooperation.  In  other  times  all  excellent  methods  or 
means  were  held  as  "trade  secrets,"  sometimes  lost  to  the 
world  for  generations  until  rediscovered.  The  day  for 
this  is  past.  Thinkers  of  to-day  recognize  that  the  work 
to  be  done  is  so  great  that,  given  all  that  every  one  has 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      95 

accomplished  and  is  accomplishing,  there  is  room  and  to 
spare  for  every  worker  who  cares  to  enter  the  field.  Co- 
operation and  team  work  is  the  crying  need. 

Conservation  and  comparison  of  knowledge,  experi- 
ments, data  and  conclusions  are  what  we  need.  The 
various  engineering  journals  are  to  be  commended  for 
recognizing  the  importance  of  this,  and  for  furnishing  an 
excellent  means  for  recording  and  spreading  much  needed 
information. 

The  ideal  conservator  of  knowledge  in  this,  as  in  all 
other  branches,  would  be  the  United  States  government. 
The  government  should  maintain  a  permanent  bureau,  with 
experiment  stations,  as  is  done  with  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Individual  investigators,  corporations,  and  colleges,  all 
would  be  willing  to  turn  over  the  results  of  their  work  to 
such  a  government  bureau.  The  colleges  would  cooperate 
with  such  a  bureau,  as  do  the  agricultural  colleges  with 
the  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  bulletins  of  such  a 
bureau  would  be  invaluable  to  the  men  in  the  trades,  as 
are  the  agricultural  bulletins  to  the  farmers. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  is  an  excellent  model. 
The  form  for  a  department  or  bureau  of  trades  is  all  at 
hand.  It  is  only  necessary  to  translate  the  language  of 
agriculture  into  the  language  of  labor.  It  is  only  through 
such  a  bureau  that  the  trades  can  formally  be  standardized. 

Such  a  bureau  would  have  two  main  tasks:  (i)  To  sub- 
classify  the  trades;  (2)  To  standardize  the  trades. 


96  MOTION  STUDY 

The  first  task  should  be  successfully  completed  before 
the  second  is  undertaken. 

We  have  spoken  briefly,  in  considering  cost  of  motions, 
,  o"  the  necessity  of  separating  those  motions  that  require 
*  skill  from  those  that  require  nothing  but  strength., and 
{  endurance. 

This  sub-classifying  of  the  trades  according  to  the  types 
or  grades  of  motions  that  they  use,  or  according  to  the 
brawn,  brain,  training,  and  skill  required  to  make  the 
motions,  will  cut  down  production  costs.  It  will  raise 
the  standards  of  all  classes.  It  will  do  away  with  differ- 
ences between  employers  and  employees.  It  will  eliminate 
unnecessary  waste.  It  will  raise  the  wages  of  all  workers. 
It  will  reduce  the  cost  of  living. 

We  might  call  such  a  sub-classification  as  desired  a 
functional "  classification  of  the  trades. 

For  example,  for  brickwork  we  recommend  five  classes: 

Class  A.  —  Ornamental  and  exterior  face  brick  and 
molded  terra  cotta. 

Class  B.  —  Interior  face  tiers  that  do  not  show  at  com- 
pletion, where  strong,  plumb,  and  straight  work  only  is 
needed. 

Class  C.  —  Filling  tiers  where  only  strength  is  needed. 

Class  D.  —  Putting  fountain  trowels  and  brick  packs  on 
the  wall  near  the  place,  and  in  the  manner  where  the  other 
three  classes  can  reach  them  with  greatest  economy  of 
motion. 

Class  E.  —  Pack  loaders,  brick  cullers,  and  stage  builders. 


AAl 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      97 

The  pay  of  the  A  and  B  classes  should  be  considerably 
higher  than  is  customary  for  bricklayers.  The  pay  of  the 
C,  D,  and  E  classes  should  be  lower  than  is  customary  for 
bricklayers,  but  much  higher  than  the  pay  of  laborers. 
This  classification  will  raise  the  pay  of  all  five  classes 
higher  than  they  could  ever  obtain  in  the  classes  that  they 
would  ordinarily  work  in  under  the  present  system,  yet 
the  resulting  cost  of  the  labor  on  brickwork  would  be 
much  less,  and  each  class  would  be  raised  in  its  standing  /) 
and  educated  for  better  work  and  higher  wages. 

In  the  case  of  brickwork  this  new  classification  is  a  cry- 
ing necessity,  as  the  cost  of  brickwork  must  be  reduced 
to  a  point  where  it  can  compete* with  concrete.  Im- 
provements in  making,  methods  of  mixing,  transporting, 
and  densifying  concrete  in  the  metal  molds  of  to-day 
have  put  the  entire  brickwork  proposition  where  it  can  be 
used  for  looks  only,  because  for  strength,  imperviousness, 
quickness  of  construction,  lack  of  union  labor  troubles, 
and  low  cost,  brickwork  cannot  compete  with  concrete 
under  present  conditions. 

Having  sub-classified  the  trades,  the  second  step  is  to 
standardize  them. 

And  both  classification  and  standardization  demand 
motion  study. 

The  United  States  government  has  already  spent  mil- 
lions and  used  many  of  the  best  of  minds  on  the  subject 
of  motion  study  as  applied  to  war;  the  motions  of  the 
sword,  gun,  and  bayonet  drill  are  wonderfully  perfect  from 


98  MOTION  STUDY 

!  the  standpoint  of  the  requirements  of  their  use.     This  same 
study  should  be  applied  to  the  arts  of  peace. 

It  is  obvious  that  this  work  must  and  will  be  done  in 
time.  But  there  is  inestimable  loss  in  every  hour  of  delay. 
The  waste  of  energy  of  the  workers  in  the  industries  to-day 
is  pitiful.  But  it  is  far  more  important  that  the  coming 
generation  of  workers  should  be  scientifically  trained. 

The  science  of  management  of  the  future  will  demand 
that  the  trades  be  taught  in  accordance  with  the  motion 
standards  of  a  United  States  Bureau  of  Standardization 
of  Mechanical  Trades.  The  present  method  of  teaching 
an  apprentice  is  the  most  unbusinesslike  event  that  takes 
place  in  any  of  our  industrial  institutions. 

We  have  never  heard  of  a  trades  school,  manual  training 
school,  or  technical  school  that  makes  any  attempt  to 
solve  questions  of  motion  study.  The  usual  process  is  to 
teach  a  student  or  apprentice  to  do  his  work  well  first, 
and  after  he  has  finally  accomplished  the  art  of  making  or 
doing  the  thing  in  question,  then  to  expect  him  to  learn 
to  do  it  quickly.^  This  process  is  a  relic  of  the  dark  ages. 
A  novice  should  be  taught  to  do  what  he  is  trying  to  do 
with  certain  definite  motions,  and  to  repeat  the  opera- 
tion until  he  is  able  automatically  to  use  the  standard 
motions  and  do  good  work.  // 

If  an  apprentice  bricklayer,  blacksmith,  or  tool  sharpener, 
for  example,  is  not  instructed  to  count  his  motions  when 
doing  a  certain  piece  of  work,  he  will  surely  get  into  the 
habit  of  making  extra  motions  that  cannot  be  omitted 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      99 

later  without  almost  as  much  effort  as  that  spent  in  learn- 
ing the  trade.  There  is  little  incentive  for  an  old  mechanic 
to  teach  a  boy  so  that  he  will  excel  his  teacher,  and  per- 
haps run  him  out  of  a  job  about  the  time  that  he,  the 
apprentice,  becomes  expert. 

One  of  the  most  common  causes  for  neglecting  the 
important  subject  of  motion  study  is  that  the  boss  of  the 
establishment  is  not  himself  really  a  master  of  the  trade 
that  is  being  taught,  or,  if  he  was  master  once,  has  for- 
gotten it  because  there  are  no  books  or  systems  that  have 
so  described,  charted,  and  illustrated  his  trade  as  to  refresh 
his  memory^ 

Again  the  teacher  is  often  a  mechanic  who  is  not  trained 
to  impart  what  knowledge  he  has,  has  never  studied  peda- 
gogy, and  is  expected  to  do  a  full  day's  work  at  the  same 
time  that  he  is  teaching  his  apprentice. 

The  arts  and  trades  of  human  beings  should  be  studied, 
charted,  photographed,  and  motion-pictured,  and  every  em- 
ployer, apprentice,  and  student  should  be  able  to  receive 
bulletins  of  his  trade  for  a  sum  equal  to  the  cost  to  a  farmer 
of  a  bulletin  from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  instruct- 
ing how  to  increase  the  outputs  of  cows,  hens,  and  bees. 

One  great  aid  toward  cutting  down  the  work  of  every  one 
out  of  the  trades  as  well  as  in,  would  be  the  standardizing 
of  our  written  alphabet  to  conform  to  the  laws  of  motion 
study.  The  most  offhand  analysis  of  our  written  alpha- 
bet shows  that  it  is  full  of  absolutely  useless  strokes,  all  of 
which  require  what  are  really  wasted  motions. 


100  MOTION  STUDY 

Consider  the  single  example  of  the  first  stroke  on  the 
first  letter  of  each  word.  Here  is  a  motion  that  can  be 
eliminated  wholly.  While  its  existence  is  necessary  in  type 
that  represents  handwriting  or  imitates  engraved  plate 
work,  and  in  enameled  separate  letters  of  window  signs,  its 
adoption  and  use  in  handwriting  is  of  no  purpose  and  is 
wrong  from  the  standpoint  of  motion  economy. 

Each  letter  of  our  written  alphabet  is  a  natural  devia- 
tion from  our  printed  alphabet  that  is  the  result  of  leaving 
the  pencil  on  the  paper. 

Now  the  time  has  arrived  for  revising  our  written  lan- 
guage by  means  of  a  new  scientifically  invented  alphabet 
specially  devised  for  the  purpose  of  securing  clearer  writ- 
ing, made  of  connected  letters,  each  designed  of  itself  and  in 
connection  with  all  the  other  letters,  so  that  it  conforms  to 
the  laws  of  motion  economy.  This  is  not  a  suggestion  that 
we  should  adopt  stenographic  signs  for  words  or  sounds, 
although  a  general  knowledge  of  one  standard  steno- 
graphic system  would  also  be  a  great  benefit  to  a  nation. 

The  suggestion  is,  that  in  as  much  as  it  is  the  aim  of 
our  nation  that  all  citizens  should  be  able  to  read  and 
write,  a  new  written  alphabet  should  be  devised  for  us 
that  shall  conform  to  the  laws  of  motion  study,  —  that  we 
all  can  increase  either  our  outputs  in  writing  or  else  that  we 
all  may  be  able  to  do  such  writing  as  we  are  obliged  to  do 
in  less  time. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  an  international  society  of  highly 
trained  educators,  similar  to  those  composing  the  Simplified 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE   OF   MOTION   STUDY      IOI 

Spelling  Board,  may  be  called  together,  as  was  the  Sim- 
plified Spelling  Board,  to  give  this  matter  immediate 
attention.  A  written  alphabet  for  all  languages  of  the 
world  should  be  determined  and  used  not  only  by  the 
users  of  each  language,  but  also  by  the  societies  advocating 
and  promulgating  such  world's  second  or  international  lan- 
guages as  Volapiik  and  Esperanto. 

One  great  drawback  to  the  more  rapid  progress  of  any 
artificial  or  second  language  has  been  the  difficulty  of 
reading  the  correspondence  between  enthusiasts  who  were 
proficient  in  speaking  their  thoroughly  agreed  upon  inter- 
national language. 

It  would  not  be  desirable  to  abandon  our  present  written  -*- 
alphabet.     There  are  now  literally  hundreds  of  different 
styles  of  lettering  that  all  can  read,  yet  how  few  of  them 
can  any  of  us  make  with  pen  or  pencil. 

To  add  one  more  style  of  lettering  to  the  now  existing 
hundreds  could  scarcely  be  considered  as  confusing  by  even 
those  who  are  constitutionally  opposed  to  changes  in  any- 
thing. 

Therefore,  there  should  be  devised  one  more  style  of 
lettering,  specially  adapted  to  cutting  down  the  time  of 
writing  and  adding  to  the  general  legibility  when  written 
quickly. 

Let  this  be  our  second  written  language.  Let  us  use 
the  present  system  and  the  new  one.  Let  the  generations 
to  come  have  the  benefit  of  the  application  of  science  to 
their  future  writing,  and  let  the  present  style  be  also  used, 


102  MOTION  STUDY 

provided  it  does  not  die  the  natural  death  in  the  combat 
of  the  survival  of  the  fittest. 

We  may  have  to  wait  for  international  coinage,  inter- 
national postage  stamps,  international  courts,  international 
arbitration,  and  international  weights  and  measures;  but 
there  can  be  no  reason  for  not  having  an  international 
system  of  written  alphabetical  characters,  and  while  hav- 
ing it  let  us  decide  in  favor  of  that  system  that  fulfills 
the  requirements  of  motion  study,  both  of  the  hand  in 
making,  and  of  the  eye  in  reading. 

THE  FIRST  STEPS 

In  the  meantime,  while  we  are  waiting  for  the  politicians 
and  educators  to  realize  the  importance  of  this  subject  and 
to  create  the  bureaus  and  societies  to  undertake  and  com- 
plete the  work,  we  need  not  be  idle.  There  is  work  in 
abundance  to  be  done. 

Motion  study  must  be  applied  to  all  the  industries. 
Our  trade  schools  and  colleges  can: 

1.  Observe  the  best  work  of  the  best  workers. 

2.  Photograph  the  methods  used. 

3.  Record  the  methods  used. 

4.  Record  outputs. 
'5.   Record  costs. 

6.  Deduce  laws. 

7.  Establish  laboratories  "for  trying  out  laws." 

8.  Embody  laws  in  instructions. 

9.  Publish  bulletins. 

10.  Cooperate  to  spread  results  and  to  train  the  rising 
generation. 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE  OF  MOTION   STUDY      103 

This  is  the  era  —  now.  We  have  a  scientific  method  of 
attack,  and  we  have  also  scientific  methods  of  teaching. 

The  stereoscopic  camera  and  stereoscope,  the  motion 
picture  machines,  and  the  stereopticon  enable  us  to  observe, 
record,  and  teach  as  one  never  could  in  the  past. 

The  following  motion  study  pictures,  charts,  and  diagrams  are  typical 
and  have  been  used  for  teaching  journeymen  and  apprentice  bricklayers 
our  standard  methods. 

Picx-AND-Dip  METHOD  — WORKING  RIGHT  TO  LEFT 


Fig.  25.  — Cutting  off  mortar  before  the 

Fig.  24.  —  Spreading  mortar  on  exterior  brick  is  laid  on  exterior  face  tier, 

face  tier. 


Fig.  26. — Buttering  the  end  of  the  laid     Fig.  27.  —  Cutting  off  the  mortar  after  the 
brick  on  the  exterior  face  tier.  brick  is  laid  on  the  exterior  face  tier. 


104  MOTION   STUDY 

PICK-AND-DIP  METHOD  —  WORKING  RIGHT  TO  LEFT  (Continued) 


Fig.  28. — Throwing  mortar  on  interior      Fig.  29.  — Spreading  mortar  on  interior 
face  tier.  face  tier. 


Fig.  30.  —  Cutting  off  mortar  before  brick      Fig.  31 .  —  Tapping  down  brick  after  lay- 
is  laid.  ing  on  interior  face  tier. 


Fig.  32.  —  Cutting  off  mortar  after  brick 
is  laid  on  interior  face  tier  (here  work-       Fig.  33.  — Handling  mortar  for  two  brick 
ing  left  to  right).  at  one  time  on  interior  face  tier. 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE  OF  MOTION  STUDY      105 

STRINGING-MORTAR  METHOD 


Fig.  34. — Working  right  to  left. — Spread-     Fig.  35. — Working  left  to  right. — But- 
ing  mortar  on  exterior  face  tier.  tering  end  of  laid  brick  on  exterior  face 

tier. 


'ig.  36. — Working  left  to  right. —  Cutting 
off  mortar  after  brick  is  laid  on  exte- 
rior face  tier. 


Fig-  37- — Working  right  to  left, —  Spread- 
ing mortar  on  the  interior  face  tier. 


j.  38.— Working  left  to  right.— Cutting 

mortar  after  brick  is  laid  on  exte-     Fig.  39.— Working  left  to  right.—  Spread- 
rior  face  tier.  ing  mortar  on  the  interior  face  tier. 


io6 


MOTION   STUDY 


STRINGING-MORTAR  METHOD  (Continued) 


Fig.  40. — Working  left  to  right. — Spread- 
ing mortar  on  the  interior  face  tier. 


Fig.  42. — Working  right  to  left. —  Butter- 
ing right-hand  end  of  brick  in  hand  to 
be  laid  on  interior  face  tier. 


Fig.  41. — Working  left  to  right. —  Throw- 
ing mortar  on  the  interior  face  tier. 

The  "  pack-on-the-wall  "method  is  the 
latest  development  and  is  an  actual  direct 
result  of  motion  study.  It  has  again 
changed  the  entire  method  of  laying  brick 
by  reducing  the  kind,  number,  sequence 
and  length  of  motions.  It  reduces  the 
fatigue  of  the  bricklayer  and  he  is  there- 
fore able  to  make  more  rapid  motions. 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND   FUTURE   OF  MOTION   STUDY      107 


1! 


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io8 


MOTION  STUDY 


This  shows  conect  height  of  stock  plaifon 
xtoiior  face  tier  is  being  built  header 


SECTION  THROUGH  A-A 


H 

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Fig.  43.  — Location  of  the  pack  on  the  wall  while  building  the  exterior 
face  tiers.    Pack-on-the-wall  method. 


PAST,  PRESENT,  AND  FUTURE  OF  MOTION   STUDY      109 


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SECTION  THROUGH  A-A 

Fig.  44.  —  Location  of  the  packs  while  building  the  interior  face  and 
filling  tiers.     Pack-on-the-wall  method. 


HO  MOTION   STUDY 

The  economic  value  of  motion  study  has  been  proved 
by  the  fact  that  by  means  of  it  workmen's  outputs  have 
been  more  than  tripled,  production  costs  lowered,  and  wages 
increased  simultaneously. 

This  book  is  written  for  the  express  purpose  of  calling 
to  the  attention  of  the  nation  that  what  has  been  done  in 
a  few  trades  can  be  done  in  each  and  every  trade. 

The  most  important  matter  before  the  public  to-day  is 
the  creation  and  operation  of  a  department  at  Washington 
for  discovering,  collecting,  conserving  and  disseminating 
data  relating  to  Taylor's  method  of  Intensive  Management 
commonly  called  Scientific  Management. 


INDEX 


Acceleration,  65-67. 

amount  of,  65. 

effects  of,  65. 

effects  on  output  of,  66. 

means  for  obtaining,  65. 
Alphabet,  written,  standardizing  of, 

99- 
"American    Magazine,"    article    on 

fatigue  in,  24. 
article  on  value  of  entertainment 

in,  48. 
Anatomy,  10-12. 

adapting  equipment  to,  10. 
adapting  surroundings  to,  10. 
adapting  tools  to,  10. 
adapting  work  to,  10. 
usefulness  of  study  of,  10. 
Appliances,  43~45- 

relation  to  motions  of,  43. 
Apprentices,  supplying  of  tools  to,  59. 
Apprenticeship,    defects   in   present 

system  of,  41. 
Automaticity,  67-69., 
value  of,  67. 

Brawn,  13,  14. 

arrangement  of  work  to  utilize,  13. 

influence  on  instruction  cards  of, 
14. 

importance  as  a  variable  of,  13. 

variation  in,  13. 

Bricklaying,   necessity   for  division 
of  work  in,  71-73. 

reducing  of  cost  in,  72. 

value  of  illustrations  from,  8. 
Brickwork,  subclassifying  of,  96. 


Charts,  form  for,  87. 

place  in  motion  study  of,  90. 

value  of,  87-94. 
Clothes,  45-46. 

help  of  proper,  45. 

hindrance  of  improper,  45. 

importance  of  utility  of,  80. 

motion-economy  value  of,  46. 

necessity    for    specially    adapted, 
46. 

shortening  of  motions  by,  80. 

Color,  46-47. 

motion  saving  properties  of,  46. 

selection  of,  46. 

stimulating  effect  of,  46. 
Combination    with    other    motions, 

69-70. 

Conservation,  congress  for,  i. 
Contentment,  14-15. 

advantages  of,  15. 

effect  on  fatigue  of,  15. 

effect  on  output  of,  14. 
Cooling,  49,  50. 
Cooperation,  need  for,  94. 
Cost,  70-74. 

deducing,  70. 

keeping,  70. 

of  living,  reduction  of,  74. 

recording,  70. 

reducing,  70. 

relation  to  output  of,  70. 
Creed,  15-16. 

definition  of,  15. 

grouping  men  according  to,  15. 


112 


INDEX 


Devices  for  eliminating  fatigue,  56. 
Diemer,   Hugo  —  "Factory   Organ- 
ization and  Administration,"  50. 
Direction,  74-75. 

relation  to  other  variables  of,  75. 

relation  to  "path"  of,  75. 
Division  of  work,  necessity  for,  71. 

Earning  power,  16-19. 

classifying  men  according  to,  16. 
prescribing  motions  according  to, 

16. 

Effectiveness,  76. 
attaining  of,  76. 
definition  of,  76. 
Elimination  of  wastes,  importance 

of,  73- 

Entertainment,  48-49. 
effect  on  fatigue  of,  49. 
effect  on  health  of,  49. 
effect  on  output  of,  48. 
Equipment     relation    to    standard 

practice  of,  91. 
Experience,  19-23. 

effect    on    learning    of    standard 

methods  of,  23. 
influence  of,  20. 

"Factory  organization  and  admin- 
istration," 50. 
Fatigue,  23-32. 

"American  Magazine,"  article  on, 
24. 

causes  of,  24. 

eliminating  devices,  56. 

necessary,  rest  from,  29. 

overcoming  of,  24. 

percentage  of  rest  for,  25. 

relation  of  quick  motions  to,  28. 

relation  of  slow  motions  to,  28. 

unnecessary,  elimination  of,  29. 


First-class  men,  importance  of  using, 

13- 

First  steps,  the,  102. 
Foot-pounds  of  work  accomplished, 

76-77. 

relation  to  fatigue  of,  77. 
Fountain  trowel,  advantages  of  use 

of,  54- 

usefulness  of,  76. 
Future  work   in   standardizing   the 

trades,  94-102. 

Gantt,  H.  L.,  A.  S.  M.  E.  Paper, 

Dec.,  1908,  34. 
"Work,  Wages,  and  Profits,"  33. 

Government,  place  in  scientific  man- 
agement of,  74. 

Government  bureau,  need  for,  95. 

Gravity,  application  of,  62. 

Habits,  32-33. 

changing  of,  68. 

definition  of,  32. 

H.  L.  Gantt  on,  33. 

incorporating    standard    motions 

into,  37. 
Health,  33-34. 

H.  L.  Gantt  on,  34. 

relation  of  work  to,  34. 
Heating,  49-50. 

effect  on  clothing  of,  50. 

provision  necessary  for,  50. 
High-priced    man,    arrangement    of 
material  for,  75. 

arranging  distances  for,  80. 

cost  of,  71. 

prescribing  work  for,  17,  18. 
Humidizing,  49. 

provision  necessary  for,  50. 

Inertia  overcome,  77-78. 
limiting  of,  77. 


INDEX 


Interim    system,    place    of    motion 

study  in,  4. 
Investigator,  trained,  need  for,  91. 

Large   jobs,  selection  of    men   for, 

23- 

Length,  79-81. 
Length  of  motions,  effect  of  clothes 

on,  80. 
Lighting,  50-52. 

advantages  of  proper,  51. 

five  tests  of,  51. 

influence  on  motions  of,  50. 

influence  on  output  of,  50. 

problems  involved  in,  52. 

usual  arrangement  of,  50. 
Low-priced     man,     arranging     dis- 
tances for,  80. 

arranging  of  work  of,  75. 

cost  of,  71. 

definition  of,  19. 

prescribing  work  for,  17,  18. 

Machines,  demand  for  properly  de- 
signed, 62. 

sets  of  motions  for  tending  of,  61. 
tending  of,  61. 
Magnitude  of  work  to  be  done,  86- 

87. 
"Man    and    the    Earth,"    Shaler's 

book  on,  i. 
Mechanical  Trades,  U.  S.  Bureau  of, 

98. 

Methods,  standard,  use  of  momen- 
tum in,  78. 
Military   system,   place   of   motion 

study  in,  3. 
Mode  of  living,  35. 

effect  on  output  of,  35. 
Momentum  overcome,  77-78. 
limiting  of,  77. 
work  done  by,  78. 


Motion,  variables  of  the,  65-85. 
Motion  economy,  utilization  of,  86. 
Motion  study,  aim  of,  3. 

cost  reducing  value  of,  3. 

description  and  outline  of,  1-9. 

earning  capacity  of  workman  in- 
creased by,  2. 

field  of,  5. 

immediate  need  of,  103. 

increase  in  output  by,  3. 

method  of  attack  of,  3. 

necessity  for,  i. 

past,  present,  and  future  of,  86- 
no. 

place    in    scientific    management 

of,  3- 

possible  economies  of,  i. 

present  stage  of,  5. 

problem  presented  by,  5. 

savings  by,  2. 

steps  in,  5. 

steps  in  study  of,  102. 

successful  applications  of,  8. 

usefulness  to  all  types  of  manage- 
ment of,  3. 

value  of,  4. 
Motions,  balanced,  68. 

combination  of,  69. 

counting  of,  98. 

dissimilar,  69. 

necessity  for  classifying  of,  72. 

planning  of,  68. 

sequence  of,  69. 

similar,  69. 
Music,  effects  of,  48. 

Necessity,  81-82. 

importance  of,  81. 

use  as  a  criterion  of,  81. 
Non-stooping    scaffold,    advantages 

of,  n,  12. 
Nutrition,  35-36. 


INDEX 


Nutrition,  importance  of  "welfare" 

work  on,  35. 

lack  of  scientific  data  concerning, 
35- 

Output,    effect    of   "Contentment" 

on,  14. 
influence  of  quality  of  the  men 

on,  13. 

influence  of  surroundings  on,  58. 
relation  to  cost  of,  70. 

Packet,  advantages  of  use  of,  54. 
Past,  present,  and  future  of  motion 

study,  86-110. 
Path,  82-83. 

determination  of,  82. 

ideal,  83. 

relation  of  gravitation  to,  82. 
Penalties,  53. 

relation  of  cost  reducing  to,  53. 

stimulus  of,  53. 

Percentage  of  rest,  provision  for,  29. 
Phonography,  usefulness  of,  48. 
Playing  for  position,  83-84. 

definition  of,  83. 

Quality  of  material,  52-53. 

effect  of  output  on,  52. 

relation  to  standard  motions  of, 

p. 
Quality  of  men,  importance  of,  13, 

52. 

Reading,  stimulus  of,  48. 
Reclassifying  of  trades,  73. 
Reducing  the  cost  of  living,  96. 
Rest,  compulsory,  32. 

provision  for,  29. 
Rest  time,  utilization  of,  29,  32. 
Reward,  53. 

influence  on  cost  reducing  of,  53. 

stimulus  of,  53. 


Savings  by  motion  study,  2. 
Science  of  management,  demands  of, 

98. 
Scientific  investigator,  necessity  of, 

91. 
Sequence,  69-70. 

determining  of,  84. 
Shaler,  "Man  and  the  Earth,"  i. 

work  of,  i. 

"Shop  Management,"  56. 
Short  men,  selection  of  work  for,  36. 
Singing,  stimulus  of,  48. 
Size,  36. 

relation  of  motions  to,  36. 

selection  of  men  according  to,  36. 
Size  of  unit  moved,  54-56. 

determining  of,  54. 

relation  to  economy  of,  54. 
Skill,  36-38. 

acquiring  of,  37. 

Small  jobs,  selection  of  men  for,  23. 
"Soldiering,"  evils  of,  29. 
Special  fatigue  eliminating  devices, 

56-58. 
Speed,  84-85. 

advantages  of,  84. 

habit  of,  84. 

importance  of,  84. 

relation  to  output  of,  84. 
"Standard  conditions,"  relation  of 

output  to,  43. 

Standard  length  of  motions,  80. 
Standard    methods,     utilizing    mo- 
mentum in,  78. 

Standard  motions,  aid  of  standard 
appliances  toward,  45. 

forming  habits  of,  37. 

necessity  for,  37. 

necessity  for  standard  tools  with, 

59- 

Standard  practice,  benefits  of,  42. 
derivation  of,  91. 


INDEX 


Standard  tools,  necessity  for,  80. 
Standardizing    the    trades,    future 

work  in,  94. 
need  for,  93,  95,  96. 
Subclassifying  the  trades,  need  for, 

95- 
Surroundings,  58. 

relation  to  standard  practice  of,  91. 
relation  of  output  to,  58. 
specifications  in  instruction  cards 

on,  58. 

standardizing  of,_58. 
variables  of,  43. 

Tall  men,  selection  of  work  for,  36. 
Taylor,  F.  W.,  data  on  "rest,"  25. 

laws  of  management,  4. 

separating    planning    from    per- 
forming by,  73. 

"Shop  Management,"  56. 

wonderful  work  of,  94. 
Temperament,  38-40. 

effect  on  output  of,  40. 
Temperature,  importance  of  regula- 
tion of,  49. 

The  first  steps,  102-110. 
"Three  Months  in  Peonage,"  48. 
Time    study   observations,    making 
of,  92. 

using  of,  92. 
Tools,  59-62. 

bureau  of  testing  of,  60. 

hand,  60. 

"handiness"  no  just  test  of,  60. 

importance     to     apprentices     of 
proper,  59. 

influence  upon  output  of,  59. 

necessity  for  standard,  59. 

necessity  of  providing  proper,  59. 

rating  as  motion  savers  of,  60. 

relation  to  standard  motions  of ,  59. 

relation  to  standard  practice  of,  91. 


Tools,  standard  patterns  of,  60. 

standard  sizes  of,  60. 

testing  stations  for,  61. 
Trades,  necessity  for  study  of,  99. 

reclassifying  of,  73. 

standardizing  of,  93. 
Trades  school,  methods  of,  98. 
Training,  40-41. 

definition  of,  40. 

effect  on  output  of,  40. 

necessary  scope  of,  41. 

Ultimate  methods,  definition  of,  93. 

Ultimate  system,   place  of  motion 
study  in,  4. 

Union  rules,  62-63. 

hindrance    to    standardizing    mo- 
tions of,  62. 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Standardization  of 
Mechanical  Trades,  98. 

U.  S.  government,  work  to  be  done 
by,  95- 

Value  of  charts,  87-94. 
Variables,  definition  of,  6. 

difficulty  in  separating,  85. 

difficulty  of  enumerating  the,  87. 

divisions  of,  6. 

incompleteness  of  list  of,  85. 

list  of,  6. 

method  of  study  of,  7. 

necessity  for  application  of,  9. 

of  the  motion,  65-85. 
field  of,  65. 

of  the  surroundings,  43-64. 
equipment  and  tools,  6. 

of  the  worker,  6,  10-42. 
definition  of,  41. 

study,  on  long  jobs,  of,  85. 

study,  on  short  jobs,  of,  85. 

test  for  study  of,  8. 
Ventilating,  49-50. 

effect  on  clothing  of,  50. 


n6 


INDEX 


Waste,  elimination  of,  73. 

in  bricklaying,  2. 

of  motions,  2. 

prevalence  of,  i. 

Shaler's  book  on,  i. 

utilization  of,  2. 
Weight  of  unit  moved,  63-64. 

elements  of,  63. 

relation  to  fatigue  of,  63. 

standardizing  of,  64. 
Welfare  Department,  work  of,  33, 
34- 


Work  accomplished,  86. 
Work,  arrangement  of,  77. 

division  of,  74. 
Work  to  be  done,  magnitude  of,  86- 

87. 
"Work,  Wages,  and  Profits,"  H.  L. 

Gantt's  book  on,  33. 
Worker,  variables  of,  10-42. 
Written  alphabet,  standardizing  of, 

99- 

Written  language,  need  for  stand- 
ardizing of,  101. 


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Abbott,  A.  V.     The  Electrical  Transmission  of  Energy 8vo,  *$s  oo 

Adam,  P.     Practical  Bookbinding.     Trans,  by  T.  E.  Maw.i2mo,  *2  50 

Adams,  J.  W.     Sewers  and  Drains  for  Populous  Districts...  _8vo,  2  50 

Addyman,  F.  T.     Practical  X-Ray  Work 8vo,  *4  oo 

A i  Code.     (See  Clausen-Thue.) 

Aikman,  C.  M.     Manures  and  the  Principles  of  Manuring.  ..  8vo,  2  50 

Alexander,  J.  H.     Elementary  Electrical  Engineering i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Universal  Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Measures 8vo,  3  50 

Allen,  H.     Modern  Power  Gas  Producer  Practice  and  Applica- 
tions  i2mo,  *2  50 

—  Gas  and  Oil  Engines 8vo,  *4  50 

Anderson,  F.  A.     Boiler  Feed  Water 8vo,  *2  50 

Anderson,  Cap.  G.  L.     Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Electricians  .8vo,  3  oo 

Anderson,  J.  W.     Prospector's  Handbook i2mo,  i  50 

Andes,  L.     Vegetable  Fats  and  Oils 8vo,  *4  oo 

—  Animal  Fats  and  Oils.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  oo 

—  Drying  Oils,  Boiled  Oil,  and  Solid  and  Liquid  Driers. .  .8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Iron   Corrosion,   Anti-fouling   and   Anti-corrosive   Paints. 

Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  oo 


D.  VAX  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG      3 

Andes,  L.     Oil  Colors  and  Printers'  Ink.      Trans,  by  A.  Morris 

and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Treatment  of  Paper  for  Special  Purposes.     Trans,  by  C. 

Salter i2mo,  *2  50 

Annual  Reports  on  the  Progress  of  Chemistry. 

Vol.     I.  (1904) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Vol.  II.    (1905) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Vol.  III.  (1906) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Vol.  IV.  (1907) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Vol.    V.  (1908) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Vol.  VI.  (1909) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Arnold,  E.     Armature  Windings  of  Direct  Current  Dynamos. 

Trans,  by  F.  B.  DeGress 8vo,  *2  oo 

Ashe,  S.  W.,  and  Keiley,  J.  D.     Electric  Railways.     Theoreti- 
cally and  Practically  Treated.     Vol.   I.  Rolling  Stock 

12010,  *2  50 

Ashe,    S.    W.     Electric   Railways.     Vol.    II.  Engineering   Pre- 
liminaries and  Direct  Current  Sub-Stations 1 2010,  *2  50 

—  Electricity:  Experimentally  and  Practically  Applied  .i2mo,  *2  oo 

Atkinson,  A.  A.     Electrical  and  Magnetic  Calculations 8vo,  *i  50 

Atkinson,  P.     The  Elements  of  Electric  Lighting i2mo,  i  50 

—  The  Elements  of  Dynamic  Electricity  and  Magnetism.  i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Power  Transmitted  by  Electricity 12010,  2  oo 

Auchincloss,  W.  S.     Link  and  Valve  Motions  Simplified. ..  .8vo,  *i  50 

Ayrton,  H.     The  Electric  Arc 8vo,  *5  oo 

Bacon,  F.  W.     Treatise  on  the  Richards  Steam-Engine  Indica- 
tor   i2mo,  i  oo 

Bailes,  G.  M.  Modern  Mining  Practice.  Five  Volumes. 8 vo,  each,  3  50 

Bailey,  R.  D.     The  Brewers'  Analyst 8vo,  *5  oo 

Baker,  A.  L.     Quaternions 8vo,  *i  25 

Baker,  M.  N.     Potable  Water.     (Science  Series) i6mo,  o  50 

Baker,  T.  T.      Telegraphic  Transmission  of  Photographs . .  i2mo,  *i  25 
Bale,  G.  R.  Modern  Iron  Foundry  Practice.  Two  Volumes.  i2mo. 

Vol.    I.  Foundry  Equipment,  Material  Used *2  50 

Vol.  II.  Machine  Moulding  and  Moulding  Machines *i  50 

Bale,  M.  P.     Pumps  and  Pumping i2mo,  i  50 

Ball,  R.  S.     Popular  Guide  to  the  Heavens 8vo,  *4  50 

Natural  Sources  of  Power.     (Westminster  Series) 8vo,  *2  oo 


4     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Ball,  W.  V.     Law  Affecting  Engineers 8vo,  *3  50 

Barba,  J.     Use  of  Steel  for  Constructive  Purposes i2mo,  i  oo 

Barker,  A.  H.     Grapic  Methods  of  Engine  Design i2mo,  *i  50 

Barker,  A.     Textiles  and    Their    Manufacture.     (Wetsminster 

Series) 8vo,  2  oo 

Barnard,  F.  A.  P.     Report  on  Machinery  and  Processes  of  the 
Industrial  Arts  and  Apparatus  of  the  Exact  Sciences  at 

the  Paris  Universal  Exposition,   1867. .' 8vo,  5  oo 

Barnard,  J.  H.     The  Naval  Miliatiaman's  Guide.  .i6mo,  leather,  i  25 

Barrus,  G.  H.     Boiler  Tests 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Engine  Tests 8vo,  *4  oo 

The  above  two  purchased  together *6  oo 

Barwise,  S.     The  Purification  of  Sewage i2mo,  3  50 

Baterden,  J.  R.     Timber.     (Westmenster  Series) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Beadle,  C.     Chapters  on  Papermaking.     Five  Volumes 

i2mo,  each,  *2  oo 

Beaumont,  R.     Color  in  Woven  Design 8vo,  7  50 

—  Finishing  of  Textile  Fabrics 8vo,  *4  oo 

Beaumont,  W.  W.     The  Steam-Engine  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

Bedell,  F.,  and  Pierce,  C.  A.     Direct  and  Alternating  Current 

Testing 8vo,  *2  oo 

Beech,  F.     Dyeing  of  Cotton  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Dyeing  of  Woolen  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Beckwith,  A.     Pottery 8yo,  paper,  o  60 

Begtrup,  J.     The  Slide  Valve 8vo,  *2  oo 

Bennett,  H.G.      The  Manufacture  of  Leather 8vo,  *4  50 

Bernthsen,  A.     A  Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     Trans,  by 

G.  M'Gowan i2mo,  *2  50 

Berry,  W.  J.     Differential  Equations  of  the  First  Species. 

1 2 mo  (In  Preparation.) 
Bersch,  J.     Manufacture  of  Mineral  and  Lake  Pigments.     Trans. 

by  A.  C.  Wright 8vo,  *5  oo 

Bertin,  L.  E.     Marine  Boilers.     Trans  by  L.  S.  Robertson. .  .8vo,  5  oo 

Beveridge,  J.     Papermaker's  Pocket  Book i2mo,  *4  oo 

Binns,  C.  F.      Ceramic  Technology 8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Manual  of  Practical  Potting 8vo,  *7  50 

—  The  Potter's  Craft i2mo,  *2  oo 

Birchmore,  W.  H.     How  to  Use  a  Gas  Analysis i2mo,  *i  25 

Elaine,  R.  G.     The  Calculus  and  Its  Applications i2mo,  *i  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG      5 

Blake,  W.  H.     Brewers'  Vade  Mecum 8vo,  *4  oo 

Blake,  W.  P.     Report  upon  the  Precious  Metals 8vo,  2  oo 

Bligh,  W.  G.     The  Practical  Design  of  Irrigation  Works 8vo,  *6  oo 

Blyth,  A.  W.     Foods:  Their  Composition  and  Analysis 8vo,  750 

—  Poisons:  Their  Effects  and  Detection 8vo,  7  50 

Bockmann,  F.     Celluloid i2mo,  *2  50 

Bodmer,  G.  R.     Hydraulic  Motors  and  Turbines i2mo,  5  oo 

Boileau,  J.  T.     Traverse  Tables 8vo,  5  oo 

Bonney,  G.  E.     The  Electro-platers'  Handbook i2mo,  i  20 

Booth,  W.  H.     Water  Softening  and  Treatment 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Superheaters  and  Superheating  and  their  Control 8vo,  *i  50 

Bottcher,  A.     Cranes:  Their  Construction,  Mechanical  Equip- 
ment and  Working.     Trans,  by  A.  Tolhausen. .  .  -4to,  *io  oo 

Bottler,  M.     Modern  Bleaching  Agents.     Trans,   by  C.  Salter 

i2mo,  *2  50 

Bottone,  S.  R.      Magnetos  for  Automobilists i2mo,  *i  oo 

Bourry,   E.       Treatise    on   Ceramic     Industries.       Trans,    by 

W.  P.  Rix. 8vo   (In  Press.) 

Bow,  R.  H.     A  Treatise  on  Bracing 8vo,  i  50 

Bowie,  A.  J.,  Jr.     A  Practical  Treatise  on  Hydraulic  Mining. 8vo,  500 

Bowker,  W.  R.     Dynamo  Motor  and  Switchboard  Circuits .  .8vo,  *2  50 

Bowles,  0.     Tables  of  Common  Rocks.     (Science  Series)  .i6mo,  o  50 

Bowser,  E.  A.    Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Geometry.  i2mo,  i  75 

—  Elementary    Treatise    on    the    Differential    and    Integral 

Calculus i2mo,  2  25 

—  Elementary  Treatise  on  Analytic  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

—  Elementary  Treatise  on  Hydro-mechanics i2mo,  2  50 

—  A  Treatise  on  Roofs  and  Bridges i2mo,  *2  25 

Boycott,  G.  W.  M.     Compressed  Air  Work  and  Diving 8vo,  *4  oo 

Bragg,  E.  M.     Marine  Engine  Design i2mo,  *2  OD 

Brassey's  Naval  Annual  for  1910 8vo,  *6  oo 

Brewer,  R.  W.  A.     The  Motor  Car i2mo,  *2  oo 

Bright,  C.     The  Life  Story  of  Sir  Charles  Tilson  Bright 8vo,  *4  50 

British  Standard  Sections 8x15  *i  oo 

Complete  list  of  this  series  (45  parts)  sent  on  application. 

Brown,  H.     Irrigation 8vo,  *5  oo 

Brown,  Wm.  N.     The  Art  of  Enamelling  on  Metal i2mo,  *i  oo 

—  Handbook  on  Japanning  and  Enamelling i2mo,  *i  50 

• House  Decorating  and  Painting i2mo,  *i  50 


6      D.    VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Brown,  Wm.  N.     History  of  Decorative  Art i2mo,  *i  25 

•: Dipping,    Burnishing,    Lacquering    and    Bronzing  «Brass 

Ware .' i2mo,  *i  oo 

—  Workshop  Wrinkles .8vo,  *i  oo 

Bruce,  E.  M.     Pure  Food  Tests I2mo,  *i  25 

Bruhns,  Dr.     New  Manual  of  Logarithms 8vo,  half  mor.,  2  50 

Brunner,   R.     Manufacture   of  Lubricants,  Shoe  Polishes  and 

Leather  Dressings.  Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *3  oo 

Bulmann,  H.  F.,  and  Redmayne,  R.  S.  A.  Colliery  Working  and 

Management 8vo,  6  oo 

Burgh,  N.  P.  Modern  Marine  Engineering 4to,  half  mor.,  10  oo 

Burt,  W.  A.  Key  to  the  Solar  Compass i6mo,  leather,  2  50 

Burton,  F.  G.  Engineering  Estimates  and  Cost  Accounts.  i2mo,  *i  50 

Buskett,  E.  W.  Fire  Assaying i2mo,  *i  25 

Cain,  W.     Brief  Course  in  the  Calculus i2mo,  *i  75 

—  Theory  of  Steel-concrete  Arches  and  of  Vaulted  Structures. 

(Science  Series) i6mo,  o  50 

Campin,  F.     The  Construction  of  Iron  Roofs 8vo,  2  oo 

Carpenter,    R.    C.,    and    Diederichs,    H.      Internal -Combustion 

Engines 8vo,  *5  oo 

Carter,  E.  T.     Motive  Power  and  Gearing  for  Electrical  Machin- 
ery   8vo,  *5  oo 

Carter,  H.  A.     Ramie  (Rhea),  China  Grass i2mo,  *2  oo 

Carter,  H.  R.     Modern  Flax,  Hemp,  and  Jute  Spinning 8vo,  *3  oo 

Cathcar t,  W.  L.     Machine  Design.     Part  I.  Fastenings ....  8vo,  *3  oo 
Cathcart,  W.  L.,  and  Chaff ee,  J.  I.     Course  of  Graphic  Statics 

8vo  (In  Press.) 

Caven,  R.  M.,  and  Lander,  G.  D.     Systematic  Inorganic  Chemis- 
try.'  i2mo,  *2  op 

Chambers'  Mathematical  Tables 8vo,  i  75 

Charnock,  G.  F.     Workshop  Practice.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo  (In  Press.) 

Charpentier,  P.     Timber 8vo,  *6  oo 

Chatley,  H.     Principles  and  Designs  of  Aeroplanes.     (Science 

Series) i6mo,  o  50 

—  How  to  Use  Water  Power i2mo,  *i  oo 

Child,  C.  T.     The  How  and  Why  of  Electricity i2mo,  i  oo 

Christie,  W.  W.      Boiler-waters,  Scale,  Corrosion,  Foaming.Svo,  *3  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG      7 

Christie,  W.  W.    Chimney  Design  and  Theory 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Furnace  Qraft.     (Science  Series) i6mo,  o  50 

Church's  Laboratory  Guide.     Rewritten  by  Edward  Kinch ..  8vo,  *2  50 

Clapperton,  G.     Practical  Papermaking 8vo,  2  50 

Clark,  C.  H.     Marine  Gas  Engines (In  Press.) 

Clark,  D.  K.     Rules,  Tables  and  Data  for  Mechanical  Engineers 

8vo,  5  oo 

—  Fuel:  Its  Combustion  and  Economy i2mo,  :  50 

—  The  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocketbook i6mo,  2  oo 

—  Tramways:  Their  Construction  and  Working 8vo,  7  50 

Clark,  J.  M.     New  System  of  Laying  Out  Railway  Turnouts . . 

i2mo,  i  oo 
Clausen-Thue,  W.     ABC  Telegraphic  Code.     Fourth  Edition 

i2mo,  *s  oo 

Fifth  Edition 8vo,  *7  oo 

—  The  Ai  Telegraphic  Code 8vo,  *y  50 

Cleemann,  T.  M.     The  Railroad  Engineer's  Practice i2mo,  *i  50 

Clevenger,  S.  R.     Treatise  on  the  Method  of  Government  Sur- 
veying   i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Clouth,  F.  Rubber,  Gutta-Percha,  and  Balata 8vo,  *5  oo 

Coffin,  J.  H.  C.  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy i2mo,  *3  50 

Cole,  R.  S.  Treatise  on  Photographic  Optics i2mo,  i  50 

Coles- Finch,  W.  Water,  Its  Origin  and  Use 8vo,  *s  oo 

Collins,  J.  E.  Useful  Alloys  and  Memoranda  for  Goldsmiths, 

Jewelers i6mo,  o  50 

Constantine,  E.  Marine  Engineers,  Their  Qualifications  and 

Duties 8vo,  *2  oo 

Cooper,  W.  R.  Primary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

—  "  The  Electrician  "  Primers 8vo,  *5  oo 

Copperthwaite,  W.  C.     Tunnel  Shields 4to,  *o  oo 

Corey,  H.  T.     Water  Supply  Engineering 8vo  (In  Frew.) 

Cornwall,  H.  B.     Manual  of  Blow-pipe  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

Cowell,  W.  B.     Pure  Air,  Ozone,  and  Water 12010,  *2  oo 

Crocker,  F.  B.     Electric  Lighting.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.    I.     The  Generating  Plant 3  oo 

Vol.  II.     Distributing  Systems  and  Lamps 3  oo 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Arendt,  M.     Electric  Motors 8vo.  *2  50 

Crocker,  F.  B.,  and  Wheeler,  S.  S.     The  Management  of  Electri- 
cal Machinery i2mo,  *i  oo 


8      D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Cross,  C.  F.,  Bevan,  E.  J.,  and  Sindall,  R.  W.     Wood  Pulp  and 

Its  Applications.  (Westminster  Series) ,  -8vo  (In  Press.) 

Crosskey,  L.  R.     Elementary  Prospective 8vo,  i  oo 

Crosskey,  L.  R.,  and  Thaw,  J.     Advanced  Perspective 8vo,  i  50 

Davenport,  C.     The  Book.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Davies,  E.  H.     Machinery  for  Metalliferous  Mines 8vo,  8  oo 

Da  vies,  D.  C.     Metalliferous  Minerals  and  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

Davies,  F.  H.      Electric  Power  and  Traction 8vo,  *2  oo 

Dawson,  P.     Electric  Traction  on  Railways 8vo,  *Q  oo 

Day,  C.     The  Indicator  and  Its  Diagrams I2mo,  *2  oo 

Deerr,  N.     Sugar  and  the  Sugar  Cane 8vo,  *3  oo 

Deite,  C.     Manual  of  Soapmaking.     Trans,  by  S.  T.  King.  .410,  *5  oo 
De  la  Coux,  H.     The  Industrial  Uses  of  Water.     Trans,  by  A. 

Morris 8vo,  *4  50 

Del  Mar,  W.  A.     Electric  Power  Conductors 8vo,  *2  oo 

Denny,  G.  A.     Deep-Level  Mines  of  the  Rand 410,  *io  oo 

—  Diamond  Drilling  for  Gold *5  oo 

Derr,  W.  L.     Block  Signal  Operation Oblong  12 mo,  *i  50 

Desaint,  A.     Three  Hundred  Shades  and  How  to  Mix  Them .  .8vo,  *io  oo 

Dibdin,  W.  J.     Public  Lighting  by  Gas  and  Electricity 8vo,  *8  oo 

—  Purification  of  Sewage  and  Water 8vo,  6  50 

Dietrich,  K.     Analysis  of  Resins,  Balsams,  and  Gum  Resins  .8vo,  *3  oo 
Dinger,  Lieut.  H.  C.     Care  and  Operation  of  Naval  Machinery 

i2mo.  *2  oo 

Dixon,  D.  B.     Machinist's  and  Steam  Engineer's  Practical  Cal- 
culator   i6mo,  mor.,  i  25 

Doble,  W.  A.     Power  Plant  Construction  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

(In  Press.) 
Dodd,  G.     Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Mining,  Machinery,  and 

the  Industrial  Arts I2mo,  i  50 

Dorr,  B.  F.     The  Surveyor's  Guide  and  Pocket  Table-book. 

i6mo,  mor.,  2  oo 

Down,  P.  B.     Handy  Copper  Wire  Table i6mo,  *i  oo 

Draper,   C.    H.     Elementary   Text-book   of   Light,    Heat   and 

Sound i2mo,  i  oo 

—  Heat  and  the  Principles  of  Thermo-dynamics i2mo,  i  50 

Duckwall,  E.'W.     Canning  and  Preserving  of  Food  Products 

8vo,  *s  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY^  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG      9 

Dumesny,  P.,  and  Noyer,  J.  Wood  Products,  Distillates,  and 

Extracts 8 vo,  *4  50 

Duncan,  W%  G.,  and  Penman,  D.  The  Electrical  Equip  nent  of 

Collieries 8vo,  *4  oo 

Duthie,  A.  L.  Decorative  Glass  Processes.  (Westminster 

Series) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Dyson,  S.  S.     Practical  Testing  of  Raw  Materials 8vo,  *5  oo 

Eccles,  R.  G.,  and  Duckwall,  E.  W.     Food  Preservatives  .  . .  .8vo,  i  oo 

paper,  o  50 

Eddy,  H.  T.     Researches  in  Graphical  Statics 8vo,  i  50 

Maximum  Stresses  under  Concentrated  Loads 8vo,  i   50 

Edgcumbe,  K.     Industrial  Electrical  Measuring  Instruments . 

8vo,  *2  50 

Eissler,  M.     The  Metallurgy  of  Gold 8vo,  7  50 

—  The  Hydrometallurgy  of  Copper 8vo,  *4  50 

—  The  Metallurgy  of  Silver 8vo,  4  oo 

—  The  Metallurgy  of  Argentiferous  Lead 8vo,  5  oo 

—  Cyanide  Process  for  the  Extraction  of  Gold 8vo,  3  oo 

—  A  Handbook  of  Modern  Explosives 8vo,  5  oo 

Ekin,  T.  C.     Water  Pipe  and  Sewage  Discharge  Diagrams . .  folio,  *3  oo 
Eliot,  C.  W.,  and  Storer,  F.  H.    Compendious  Manual  of  Qualita- 
tive Chemical  Analysis i2mo,  *i  25 

Elliot,  Major  G.  H.     European  Light-house  Systems 8vo,  5  oo 

Ennis,  Wm.  D.     Linseed  Oil  and  Other  Seed  Oils   8vo,  *4  oo 

—  Applied  Thermodynamics 8vo,  *4  50 

Erfurt,  J.     Dyeing  of  Paper  Pulp.     Trans,  by  J.  Hubner. .  .8vo,  *y  50 

Erskine -Murray,  J.     A  Handbook  of  Wireless  Telegraphy .  .8vo,  *3  50 

Evans,  C.  A.     Macadamized  Roads (In  Press.) 

Ewing,  A.  J.     Magnetic  Induction  in  Iron 8vo,  *4  oo 

Fairie,  J.     Notes  on  Lead  Ores i2mo,  *i  oo 

—  Notes  on  Pottery  Clays i2mo,  *i  50 

Fairweather,  W.  C.     Foreign  and  Colonial  Patent  Laws  . .  .8vo,  *3  or 

Fanning,  T.  T.     Hydraulic  and  Water-supply  Enginsaring  .8vo,  *5  oo 
Fauth,   P.     The  Moon  in  Modern  Astronomy.     Trans,   by  J. 

McCabe 8vo,  *2  oo 

Fay,  I.  W.     The  Coal-tar  Colors 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Fernbach,  R.  L.    Glue  and  Gelatine. 8vo,  *3  oo 


10     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Fischer,  E.     The  Preparation  of  Organic  Compounds.     Trans. 

by  R.  V.  Stanford 1 2mo,  *  i  25 

Fish,  J.  C.  L.     Lettering  of  Working  Drawings Oblong  8vo,  i  oo 

Fisher,  H.  K.  C.,  and  Darby,  W.  C.     Submarine  Cable  Testing. 

8vo,  *3  50 

Fiske,  Lieut.  B.  A.     Electricity  in  Theory  and  Practice 8vo,  2  50 

Fleischmann,  W.     The  Book  of  the  Dairy.     Trans,  by  C.  M. 

Aikman 8vo,  4  oo 

Fleming,    J.    A.     The    Alternate-current    Transformer.     Two 

Volumes 8vo, 

Vol.    I.     The  Induction  of  Electric  Currents *5  oo 

Vol.  II.     The  Utilization  of  Induced  Currents *5  oo 

—  Centenary  of  the  Electrical  Current 8vo,  *o  50 

—  Electric  Lamps  and  Electric  Lighting 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Electric  Laboratory  Notes  and  Forms. ...» 4to,  *5  oo 

—  A  Handbook  for  the  Electrical  Laboratory  and  Testing 

Room.     Two  Volumes 8 vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Fluery,  H.  The  Calculus  Without  Limits  or  Infinitesimals. 

Trans,  by  C.  0.  Mailloux (In  Press) 

Foley,  N.  British  and  American  Customary  and  Metric  Meas- 
ures  folio,  *3  oo 

Foster,  H.  A.  Electrical  Engineers'  Pocket-book.  (Sixth 

Edition.) 1 2mo,  leather,  5  oo 

Foster,  Gen.  J.  G.  Submarine  Blasting  in  Boston  (Mass.) 

Harbor 4*0,  3  So 

Fowle,  F.  F.     Overhead  Transmission  Line  Crossings  ..  .  .i2mo,  *i  50 

—  The  Solution  of  Alternating  Current  Problems. 

8vo  (In  Press) 
Fox,  W.,  and  Thomas,  C.  W.  Practical  Course  in  Mechanical 

Drawing 1 2mo,  i  25 

Francis,  J.  B.  Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments 4to,  15  oo 

Fuller,  G.  W.  Investigations  into  the  Purification  of  the  Ohio 

River 4to,  *io  oo 

Furnell,  J.  Paints,  Colors,  Oils^and  Varnishes .8vo,  *i  oo 

Gant,  L.  W.     Elements  of  Electric  Traction 8vo,  *2  50 

Garcke,  E.,  and  Fells,  J.  M.     Factory  Accounts 8vo,  3  oo 

Garforth,  W.  E.  Rules  for  Recovering  Coal  Mines  after  Explo- 
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Geerligs,  H.  C.  P.  Cane  Sugar  and  Its  Manufacture 8vo,  *5  oo 

Geikie,  J.  Structural  and  Field  Geology 8vo,  *4  oo 

Gerber,  N.  Analysis  of  Milk,  Condensed  Milk,  and  Infants' 

Milk-Food 8vo,  i  25 

Gerhard,  W.  P.  Sanitation,  Water-supply  and  Sewage  Disposal 

of  Country  Houses 12010,  *2  oo 

Gerhardi,  C.  W.  H.  Electricity  Meters 8vo,  *4  oo 

Geschwind,  L.  Manufacture  of  Alum  and  Sulphates.  Trans. 

by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *5  oo 

Gibbs,  W.  E.  Lighting  by  Acetylene i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Physics  of  Solids  and  Fluids.     (Carnegie  Technical  Schools 

Text-books.) *i  50 

Gibson,  A.  H.     Hydraulics  and  Its  Application 8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Water  Hammer  in  Hydraulic  Pipe  Lines i2mo,  *2  oo 

Gillmore,  Gen.  Q.  A.  Limes,  Hydraulic  Cements  and  Mortars.Svo,  4  oo 

—  Roads,  Streets,  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

Golding,  H.  A.     The  Theta-Phi  Diagram i2mo,  *i  25 

Goldschmidt,  R.     Alternating  Current  Commutator  Motor  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Goodchild,  W.     Precious  Stones.     (Westminster  Series.). .  .8vo,  *2  oo 

Goodeve,  T.  M.     Textbook  on  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  2  oo 

Gore,  G.     Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals 8vo,  *3  50 

Gould,  E.  S.     Arithmetic  of  the  Steam-engine i2mo,  i  oo 

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Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Grant,  J.  Brewing  and  Distilling.  (Westminster  Series.)  8vo  (In  Press) 

Gray,  J.  Electrical  Influence  Machines i2mo,  2  oo 

Greenwood,  E.  Classified  Guide  to  Technical  and  Commercial 

Books 8 vo,  *3  oo 

Gregorius,  R.  Mineral  Waxes.'  Trans,  by  C.  Salter i2mo,  *3  oo 

Griffiths,  A.  B.  A  Treatise  on  Manures i2mo,  3  oo 

—  Dental  Metallurgy 8vo,  *3  50 

Gross,  E.     Hops 8vo,  *4  50 

Grossman,  J.     Ammonia  and  its  Compounds i2mo,  *i   25 

Groth,  L.  A.     Welding  and  Cutting  Metals  by  Gases  or  Electric- 
ity   8 vo,  *3  oo 

Grover,  F.     Modern  Gas  and  Oil  Engines 8vo,  *2  oo 

Gruner,  A.     Power-loom  Weaving 8vo,  *3  oo 

Giildner,    Hugo.      Internal-Combustion    Engines.      Trans,    by 

H.  Diedrichs 4to,  *io  oo 


12     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Gunther,  C.  0.     Integration i2mo,  *i  25 

Gurden,  R.  L.     Traverse  Tables folio,  half  mor.  7  50 

Guy,  A.  E.     Experiments  on  the  Flexure  of  Beams 8vo,  *i  25 

Haeder,  H.     Handbook  on  the  Steam-engine.    'Trans,  by  H.  H. 

P.  Powles i2mo,  3  oo 

Hainbach,  R.     Pottery  Decoration.     Trans,  by  C.  Slater .    i2mo,  *3  oo 

Hale,  W.  J.     Calculations  of  General  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  oo 

Hall,  C.  H.     Chemistry  of  Paints  and  Paint  Vehicles. ....  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Hall,  R.  H.     Governors  and  Governing  Mechanism. i2mo,  *2  oo 

Hall,  W.  15.     Elements  of  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus 

8vo,  *2 

—  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo  volume  and  4to  atlas,  *3 

Haller,  G.  F.,  and  Cunningham,  E.  T.    The  Tesla  Coil i2mo,  *i 

Halsey,  F.  A.     Slide  Valve  Gears i2mo,  i 

—  The  Use  of  the  Slide  Rule.     (Science  Series.) i6mo, 

—  Worm  and  Spiral  Gearing.     (Science  Series.). ......  i6mo, 

Hamilton,  W.  G.     Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men. .  i6mo,  i 

Hammer,W.  J.     Radium  and  Other  Radioactive  Substances,  8 vo,  *i 

Hancock,  H.     Textbook  of  Mechanics  and  Hydrostatics. ....  8vo,  i 

Hardy,  E.     Elementary  Principles  of  Graphic  Statics i2mo,  *i 

Harper,  W.  B.     Utilization  of  Wood  Waste  by  Distillation.. 4to,  *3  oo 

Harrison,  W.  B.     The  Mechanics'  Tool-book.. i2mo,  i  50 

Hart,  J.  W.     External  Plumbing  Work 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Hints  to  Plumbers  on  Joint  Wiping 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Principles  of  Hot  Water  Supply. 8vo,  *3  oo 

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Haskins,  C.  H.     The  Galvanometer  and  Its  Uses i6mo,  i  50 

Hatt,  J.  A.  H.     The  Colorist. • square  i2mo,  *i  50 

Hausbrand,  E.     Drying  by  Means  of  Air  and  Steam.     Trans. 

by  A.  C.  Wright i2mo,  *2  oo 

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by  A.  C.  Wright. 8vo,  *s  oo 

Hausner,  A.  Manufacture  of  Preserved  Foods  and  Sweetmeats. 

Trans,  by  A.  Morris  and  H.  Ro'jsori 8vo,  *3  oo 

Hawke,  W.  H.  Premier  Cipher  Telegraphic  Code 4to,  *5  oo 

—  100,000  Words  Supplement  to  the  Pre  nier  Code. ....  _4to,  *5  oo 
Hawkesworth,  J.     Graphical  Handbook  for  Paniforced  Concrete 

Design 4to,  *2  50 


VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     13 

Hay,  A.  Alternating  Currents. 8vo,  *2  50 

-  Principles  of  Alternate-current  Working. i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Electrical  Distributing  Networks  and  Distributing  Lines.Svo,  *3  50 

—  Continuous  Current  Engineering 8vo,  *2  50 

Heap,  Major  D.  P.-  Electrical  Appliances 8vo,  2  oo 

Heavisicb,    0.     Electromagnetic    Theory.     Two    volumes. 

8vo,  each,  *5  oo 

Heck,  R.  C.  H.     Steam-Engine  and  Other  Steam  Motors.     Two 
Volumes. 

Vol.    I.     Thermodynamics  and  the  Mechanics.. 8vo,  *3  50 

Vol.  II.     Form,  Construction  and  Working 8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Abridged  edition  of  above  volumes  (Elementary) 

8vo  (In  Preparation) 

—  Notes  on  Elementary  Kinematics 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

—  Graphics  of  Machine  Forces 8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 

Hedges,  K.     Modern  Lightning  Conductors 8vo,  3  oo 

Heermann,  P.     Dyers' Materials.     Trnas.  by  A.  C.  Wright.i2mo,  *2  50 
Hellot,  Macquer  and  D'Apligny.     Art  of  Dyeing  Wool,  Silk  and 

Cotton 8vo,  *2  oo 

Henrici,  0.  Skeleton  Structures 8vo,  i  50 

Hermann,  F.  Painting  on  Glass  and  Porcelain. 8vo,  *3  50 

Hermann,  G.  The  Graphical  Statics  of  Mechanism.  Trans. 

by  A.  P.  Smith i2mo,  2  oo 

Herzfeld,  J.  Testing  of  Yarns  and  Textile  Fabrics ...'. 8vo,  *3  50 

Hildebrandt,  A.  Airships,  Past  and  Present 8vo,  *3  50 

Hill,  J.  W.  The  Purification  of  Public  Water  Supplies.  New 

Edition (In  Press.) 

—  Interpretation  of  Water  Analysis (In  Press.) 

Hiroi,  I.     Statically-Indeterminate  Stresses. i2mo,  *2  oo 

Hirshfeld,    C.    F.       Engineering     Thermodynamics.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Hobart,  H.  M.     Heavy  Electrical  Engineering.. 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Electricity 8vo,  *2  oo 

—  Electric  Trains .8vo,  *2  50 

Hobbs,  W.  R.  P.     The  Arithmetic  of  Electrical  Measurements 

i2mo,  o  50 

Hoff,  J.  N.     Paint  and  Varnish  Facts  and  Formulas.  ......  121210,  *3  oo 

Hoff,  Com.W.  B.  The  Avoidance  of  Collisions  at  Sea.  i6mo,  mor.,  o  75 

Hole,  W.     The  Distribution  of  Gas 8vo,  *7  50 


14     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Holley,  A.  L.     Railway  Practice folio,  12  oo 

Holmes,  A.  B.     The  Electric  Light  Popularly  Explained. 

I2mo,  paper,  o  50 

Hopkins,  N.  M.     Experimental  Electrochemistry 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Model  Engines  and  Small  Boats .*.-.-.  I2mo,  i  25 

Horner,  J.     Engineers'  Turning 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Metal  Turning. i2mo,  i  50 

—  Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  2  25 

Houghton,  C.  E.     The  Elements  of  Mechanics  of  Materials.  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Houllevique,  L.     The  Evolution  of  the  Sciences 8vo,  *2  oo 

Howe,  G.     Mathematics  for  the  Practical  Man i2mo  (In  Press.) 

Howorth,  J.     Repairing  and  Riveting  Glass,  China  and  Earthen- 
ware  8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Hubbard,  E.     The  Utilization  of  Wood-waste 8vo,  *2  50 

Humber,  W.     Calculation  of  Strains  in  Girders.. i2mo,  2  50 

Humphreys,    A.    C.     The    Business    Features    of    Engineering 

Practice 8vo,  *i  25 

Hurst,  G.  H.     Handbook  of  the  Theory  of  Color 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Dictionary  of  Chemicals  and  Raw  Products .8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Lubricating  Oils,  Fats  and  Greases 8vo,  *3  bo 

—  Soaps 8vo,  *5  oo 

-  Textile  Soaps  and  Oils .' 8vo,  *2  50 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.     Long  Distance  Electric  Power  Trans- 
mission  I2H10,  *3    00 

Hutchinson,  R.  W.,  Jr.,  and  Ihlseng,  M.  C.  Electricity  in 

Mining i2mo  (In  Press.) 

Hutchinson,  W.  B.  Patents  and  How  to  Make  Money  Out  of 

Them i2mo,  i  25 

Hutton,  W.  S.     Steam-boiler  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

—  Practical  Engineer's  Handbook 8vo,  7  oo 

—  The  Works'  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  6  oo 

Ingle,  H.     Manual  of  Agricultural  Chemistry 8vo,  *3  oo 

Innes,  C.  H.     Problems  in  Machine  Design i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  Air  Compressors  and  Blowing  Engines .  i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  Centrifugal  Pumps i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  The  Fan i2mo,  *2  oo 

Isherwood,  B.  F.     Engineering  Precedents  for  Steam  Machinery 

8vo,     2  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     15 

Jamieson,  A.     Text  Book  on  Steam  and  Steam  Engines. .  .  .  8vo,  3  oo 

—  Elementary  Manual  on  Steam  and  the  Steam  Engine  .  i2mo,  i  50 
Jannettaz,  E.     Guide  to  the  Determination  of  Rocks.     Trans. 

by  G.  W.  Plympton.. i2mo,  i  50 

Jehl,  F.     Manufacture  of  Carbons 8vo,  *4  oo 

Jennings,    A.    S.     Commercial    Paints   and    Painting.     (West- 
minster Series.) 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Jennison,  F.  H.     The  Manufacture  of  Lake  Pigments 8vo,  *3  oo 

Jepson,  G.     Cams  and  the  Principles  of  their  Construction..  .8vo,  *i  50 

—  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo  (In  Preparation.) 

Jockin,  W.     Arithmetic  of  the  Gold  and  Silversmith i2mo,  *i  oo 

Johnson,  G.  L.     Photographic  Optics  and  Color  Photography 

8vo,  *3  oo 
Johnson,    W.    H.     The  Cultivation  and   Preparation    of    Para 

Rubber. 8vo,  *3  oo 

Johnson,  W.  McA.     The  Metallurgy  of  Nickel (In  Preparation.) 

Johnston,  J.  F.  W.,  and  Cameron,  C.     Elements  of  Agricultural 

Chemistry  and  Geology i2mo,  2  60 

Joly,  J.     Radioactivity  and  Geology i2mo,  *3  oo 

Jones,  H.  C.     Electrical  Nature   of  Matter  and  Radioactivity 

i2mo,  2  oo 

Jones,  M.  W.     Testing  Raw  Materials  Used  in  Paint i2mo,  *2  oo 

Jones,  L.,  and  Scard,  F.  I.     Manufacture  of  Cane  Sugar 8vo,  *5  oo 

Joynson,  F.  H.     Designing  and  Construction  of  Machine  Gear- 
ing   .  .  8vo,  2  oo 

Juptner,  H.  F.  V.     Siderology :  The  Science  of  Iron 8vo,  *5  oo 

Kansas  City  Bridge 4to,  6  oo 

Kapp,  G.     Electric  Transmission  of  Energy i2mo,  3  50 

—  Dynamos,    Motors,    Alternators    and    Rotary    Converters. 

Trans,  by  H.  H.  Simmons 8vo,  4  oo 

Keim,  A.  W.     Prevention  of  Dampness  in  Buildings 8vo,  *2  oo 

Keller,  S.  S.     Mathematics  for  Engineering  Students. 

i2mo,  half  leather, 


—  Algebra  and  Trigonometry,  with  a  Chapter  on  Vectors. .  .  . 

—  Special  Algebra  Edition 

Plane  and  Solid  Geometry 

Analytical  Geometry  and  Calculus. 

Kelsey,  W.  R.     Continuous-current  Dynamos  and  Motors. .  .  8vo, 


75 
oo 
25 

00 
50 


16     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Kemble,  W.  T.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.     The  Periodic  Law  and  the 

Hydrogen   Spectrum 8vo,  paper,  *o  50 

Kemp,  J.  F.     Handbook  of  Rocks 8vo,  *i  50 

Kendall,  E.     Twelve  Figure  Cipher  Code 4to,  *i$  oo 

Kennedy,    R.     Modern   Engines   and   Power    Generators.     Six 

Volumes 4to,  15  oo 

Single  Volumes each,  3  oo 

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Single  Votumes each,  3  50 

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Kennelly,  A.  E.     Electro-dynamic  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Kershaw,  J.  B.  C.     Fuel,  Water  and  Gas  Analysis 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Electrometallurgy.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

—  The  Electric  Furnace  in  Iron  and  Steel  Production.. i2mo,  *i  50 

Kingdon,  J.  A.     Applied  Magnetism 8vo,  *3  oo 

Kinzbrunner,  C.     Alternate  Current  Windings..  .  .' 8vo,  *i  50 

—  Continuous  Current  Armatures 8vo,  *i  50 

—  Testing  of  Alternating  Current  Machines 8vo,  *2  oo 

Kirkaldy,    W.    G.     David    Kirkaldy's    System    of    Mechanical 

Testing 4to,  10  oo 

Kirkbride,  J.     Engraving  for  Illustration 8vo,  *i  50 

Kirkwood,  J.  P.     Filtration  of  River  Waters. 4to,  7  50 

Klein,  J.  F.     Design  of  a  High  speed  Steam-engine 8vo,  *5  oo 

Kleinhans,  F.  B.     Boiler  Construction 8vo,  3  oo 

Knight,  Capt.  A.-M.     Modern  Steamship 8vo,  *7  50 

HalfMor.  *g  oo 

Knox,  W.  F.     Logarithm  Tables (In  Preparation.} 

Knott,  C.  G.,  and  Mackay,  J.  S.     Practical  Mathematics.  .  .8vo,  2  oo 

Koester,  F.     Steam-Electric  Power  Plants 4to,  *5  oo 

—  Hydroelectric  Developments  and  Engineering -4to,  *5  oo 

Koller,  T.     The  Utilization  of  Waste  Products 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Cosmetics 8vo,  *2  50 

Krauch,  C.     Testing  of  Chemical  Reagents.     Trans,  by  J.  A. 

Williamson  and  L.  W.  Dupre 8vo,  *3  oo 

Lambert,  T.     Lead  and  its  Compounds 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Bone  Products  and  Manures 8vo,  *3  oo 

Lamborn,  L.  L.     Cottonseed  Products 8vo,  *3  oo 

Modern  Soaps,  Candles,  and  Glycerin 8vo,  *7  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     17 

Lamprecht,  R.     Recovery  Work  After  Pit  Fires.       Trans,  by 

C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  oo 

Lanchester,  F.  W.     Aerial  Flight.     Two  Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.    I.     Aerodynamics *6  oo 

Vol.  II.     Aerodonetics. *6  oo 

Lamer,  E.  T.     Principles  of  Alternating  Currents 12  mo,  *i  25 

Larrabee,   C.   S.     Cipher   and   Secret   Letter   and   Telegraphic 

Code i6mo,  o  60 

Lassar-Cohn,  Dr.     Modern  Scientific  Chemistry.     Trans,  by  M. 

M.  Pattison  Muir i2mo,  *2  oo 

Latta,  M.  N.     Handbook  of  American  Gas-Engineering  Practice. 

8vo,  *4  50 

—  American  Producer  Gas  Practice 4to,  *6  oo 

Leask,  A.  R.     Breakdowns  at  Sea. i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Triple  and  Quadruple  Expansion  Engines i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Refrigerating  Machinery i2mo,  2  oo 

Lecky,  S.  T.  S.     "  Wrinkles  "  in  Practical  Navigation 8vo,  *8  oo 

Leeds,  C.  C.    Mechanical  Drawing  for  Trade  Schools .  oblong,  4to, 

High  School  Edition *i  25 

Machinery  Trades  Edition *2  oo 

Lefe"vre,  L.     Architectural  Pottery.     Trans,  by  H.  K.  Bird  and 

W.  M.  Binns 4to,  *7  50 

Lehner,  S.     Ink  Manufacture.     Trans,  by  A.   Morris  and  H. 

Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Lemstrom,  S.     Electricity  in  Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 

8vo,  *i  50 
Lewes,  V.  B.     Liquid  and  Gaseous  Fuels.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Lieber,  B.  F.     Lieber's  Standard  Telegraphic  Code 8vo,  *io  oo 

—  Code.     German  Edition 8vo,  *io  oo 

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Shippers'  Blank  Tables 8vo,  "15  oo 

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18     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Livermore,  V.  P.,  and  Williams,  J.     How  to  Become  a  Com- 
petent Motorman i2mo,  *i  oo 

Livingstone,  R.     Design  and  Construction  of  Commutators.  8vo,  *2  25 

Lobben,  P.     Machinists'  and  Draftsmen's  Handbook 8vo,  2  50 

Locke,  A.  G.  and  C.  G.     Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid 8vo,  10  oo 

Lockwood,  T.  D.     Electricity,  Magnetism,  and  Electro-teleg- 

graphy 8vo,  2  50 

—  Electrical  Measurement  and  the  Galvanometer i2mo,  i  50 

Lodge,  0.  J.     Elementary  Mechanics i2mo,  i  50 

—  Signalling  Across  Space  without  Wires. 8vo,  *2  oo 

Lord,  R.  T.     Decorative  and  Fancy  Fabrics 8vo,  *3  50 

Loring,  A.  E.     A  Handbook  of  the  Electromagnetic  Telegraph. 

i6mo,       o  50 

Lowenstein,  L.  C.,  and  Crissey,  C.  P.     Centrifugal  Pumps.     (In  Press.) 
Lucke,  C.  E.     Gas  Engine  Design 8vo,     *3  oo 

—  Power  Plants:  their  Design,  Efficiency,  and  Power  Costs. 

2  vols (In  Preparation.) 

—  Power  Plant  Papers.     Form  I.     The  Steam  Power  plant 

paper,     *i  50 
Lunge,  G.     Coal-tar  Ammonia.     Two  Volumes... 8vo,  *is  oo 

—  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid  and  Alkali.     Three  Volumes  " 

8vo, 

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Vol.  II.     Salt  Cake,  Hydrochloric  Acid  and  Leblanc  Soda. 

In  two  parts *i5  oo 

Vol.  III.     Ammonia  Soda *I5  oo 

—  Technical  Chemists'  Handbook i2mo,  leather,     *3  50 

—  Technical  Methods  of  Chemical  Analysis.     Trans,  by  C.  A. 

Keane.     In  collaboration  with  the  corps  of  specialists. 

Vol.    I.     In  two  parts 8vo,  *i5  oo 

Vols.  II  and  III (In  Preparation.) 

Lupton,  A.,  Parr,  G.  D.  A.,  and  Perkin,  H.     Electricity  as  Applied 

to  Mining 8vo,     *4  50 

Luquer,  L.  M.     Minerals  in  Rock  Sections 8vo,     *i  50 

Macewen,  H.  A.     Food  Inspection 8vo,  *2  50 

Mackie,  J.     How  to  Make  a  Woolen  Mill  Pay 8vo,  *2  oo 

Mackrow,    C.     Naval    Architect's    and    Shipbuilder's    Pocket- 
book , i6mo,  leather,  5  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     19 

Maguire,  Capt.  E.     The  Attack  and  Defense  of  Coast  Fortifica- 
tions  8vo,  2  50 

Maguire,  Wm.  R.     Domestic  Sanitary  Drain'age  and  Plumbing 

8vo,  4  oo 
Marks,  E.  C.  R.     Construction  of  Cranes  and  Lifting  Machinery 

izmo,  *i  50 

—  Construction  and  Working  of  Pumps i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel  Tubes i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  Mechanical  Engineering  Materials i2mo,  *i  oo 

Marks,  G.  C.     Hydraulic  Power  Engineering 8vo,  3  50 

—  Inventions,  Patents  and  Designs i2mo,  *i  oo 

Markham,  E.  R.     The  American  Steel  Worker 12010,  2  50 

Marlow,  T.  G.     Drying  Machinery  and  Practice 8vo, 

Marsh,  C.  F.     Concise  Treatise  on  Reinforced  Concrete..  .  .8vo,  *2  50 

Marsh,  C.  F.,  and  Dunn,  W.     Reinforced  Concrete 4to,  *5  oo 

—  Manual  of  Reinforced  Concrete  and  Concrete  Block  Con- 

struction  i6mo,  mor.,  *2  50 

Massie,  W.  W.,  and  Underbill,  C.  R.     Wireless  Telegraphy  and 

Telephony 121110,  *i  oo 

Matheson,  D.     Australian  Saw-Miller's  Log  and  Timber  Ready 

Reckoner i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Mathot,  R.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engines 8vo, 

Maurice,  W.     Electric  Blasting  Apparatus  and  Explosives  ..8vo,  *3  50 

—  Shot  Firer's  Guide 8vo,  *  i  50 

Maxwell,  W.  H.,  and  Brown,  J.  T.     Encyclopedia  of  Municipal 

and  Sanitary  Engineering 4to,  *io  oo 

Mayer,  A.  M.     Lecture  Notes  on  Physics.. 8vo,  2  oo 

McCullough,  R.  S.     Mechanical  Theory  of  Heat .  8vo,  3  50 

Mclntosh,  J.  G.     Technology  of  Sugar 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Industrial  Alcohol 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Manufacture  of  Varnishes  and  Kindred  Industries.    Three 

Volumes.     8vo. 

Vol.     I.     Oil  Crushing,  Refining  and  Boiling *3  50 

Vol.  II.     Varnish  Materials  and  Oil  Varnish  Making *4  oo 

Vol.  Ill (In  Preparation.) 

McMechen,  F.  L.     Tests  for  Ores,  Minerals  and  Metals..  .  i2mo,  *i  oo 

McNeill,  B.     McNeill's  Code , 8vo,  *6  oo 

McPherson,  J.  A.     Water- works  Distribution 8vo,  2  50 

Melick,  C.  W.     Dairy  Laboratory  Guide i2mo,  *i  25 


20     I).  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Merck,  E.     Chemical  Reagents ;  Their  Purity  and  Tests ....  8vo,  *i  50 

Merritt,  Wm.  H.  Field  Testing  for  Gold  and  Silver .  i6mo,  leather,  i  50 
Meyer,  J.  G.  A.,  and  Pecker,  C.  G.     Mechanical  Drawing  and 

Machine  Design 4to,  5  oo 

Michell,  S.     Mine  Drainage 8vo,  10  oo 

Mierzinski,  S.     Waterproofing  of  Fabrics.     Trans,  by  A.  Morris 

and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Miller,  E.  H.     Quantitative  Analysis  for  Mining  Engineers.  .8vo,  *i  50 

Milroy,  M.  E.  W.     Home  Lace -making i2mo,  *i  oo 

Minifie,  W.     Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Modern  Meteorology i2mo,  i  50 

Monckton,  C.  C.  F.     Radiotelegraphy.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 
Monteverde,  R.  D.     Vest  Pocket  Glossary  of  English-Spanish, 

Spanish-English  Technical  Terms 641110,  leather,  *i  oo 

Moore,  E.  C.  S.     New  Tables  for  the  Complete  Solution  of 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  Formula 8vo,  *5  oo 

Moreing,  C.  A.,  and  Neal,  T.     New  General  and  Mining  Tele- 
graph Code 8vo,  *s  oo 

Morgan,  A.  P.     Wireless  Telegraph  Construction  for  Amateurs. 

i2mo,  *i  50 

Moses,  A.  J.     The  Characters  of  Crystals 8vo,  *2  oo 

Moses,  A.  J.,  and  Parsons,  C.  I.     Elements  of  Mineralogy.  .8vo,  *2  50 
Moss,    S.    A.     Elements    of    Gas    Engine    Design.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

—  The  Lay-out  of  Corliss  Valve  Gears.     (Science  Series).  i6mo,  o  50 

Mullin,  J.  P.     Modern  Moulding  and  Pattern- making .  .  .  .  i2mo,  2  50 
Munby,  A.  E.     Chemistry  and  Physics  of  Building  Materials. 

(Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Murphy,  J.  G.     Practical  Mining i6mo,  i  oo 

Murray,  J.  A.     Soils  and  Manures.     (Westminster  Series.). 8 vo,  *2  oo 

Naquet,  A.     Legal  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Nasmith,  J.     The  Student's  Cotton  Spinning 8vo,  3  oo 

Nerz,  F.     Searchlights.     Trans,  by  C.  Rodgers 8vo,  *3  oo 

Neuberger,   H.,   and   Noalhat,   H.     Technology   of   Petroleum. 

Trans,  by  J.  G.  Mclntosh. .    -. 8vo,  *io  oo 

Newall.   J.  W.      Drawing,  Sizing  and  Cutting  Bevel-gears. 

8vo,  i  59 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAXI)  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     21 

Newlands,  J.     Carpenters  and  Joiners'  Assistant 

folio,  half  mor.,  15  oo 

Nicol,  G.     Ship  Construction  and  Calculations 8vo,  *4  50 

Nipher,  F.  E.     Theory  of  Magnetic  Measurements i2mo,  i  oo 

Nisbet,  H.     Grammar  of  Textile  Design 8vo,  *3  oo 

Noll,  A.     How  to  Wire  Buildings i2mo,  I  50 

Nugent,  E.     Treatise  on  Optics i2mo,  I  50 

O'Connor,  H.     The  Gas  Engineer's  Pocketbook. ..  i2mo,  leather,  350 

—  Petrol  Air  Gas i2mo,  *o  75 

Olsen,  J.  C.     Text  book  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  . .  8vo,  *4  oo 
Olsson,  A.     Motor  Control,  in  Turret  Turning  and  Gun  Elevating. 

(U.  S.  Navy 'Electrical  Series,  No.  i.)  .  ...i2mo,  paper,  *o  50 

Oudin,  M.  A.     Standard  Polyphase  Apparatus  and  Systems  .  .8vo,  *3  *0o 

Palaz,  A.     Industrial  Photometry.     Trans,  by  G.  W.  Patterson, 

Jr 8vo,  *4  oo 

Pamely,  C.     Colliery  Manager's  Handbook 8vo,  *io  oo 

Parr,  G.  D.  A.     Electrical  Engineering  Measuring  Instruments. 

8vo,  *3  50 

Parry,  E.  J.     Chemistry  of  Essential  Oils  and  Artificial  Per- 
fumes  8vo,  *5  oo 

Parry,  E.  J.,  and  Coste,  J.  H.     Chemistry  of  Pigments  ......  8vo,  *4  50 

Parry,  L.  A.     Risk  and  Dangers  of  Various  Occupations 8vo,  *3  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Hobart,  H.  M.     Armature  Windings  ...  4to,  *7  50 

—  Electric  Railway  Engineering 4to,  *io  oo 

Parshall,  H.  F.,  and  Parry,  E.     Electrical  Equipment  of  Tram- 
ways  - (In.Press.) 

Parsons,  S.  J.     Malleable  Cast  Iron 8vo,  *2  50 

Passmore,  A.  C.     Technical  Terms  Used  in  Architecture  ...8vo,  *3  50 

Patterson,  D.     The  Color  Printing  of  Carpet  Yarns 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Color  Matching  on  Textiles 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  The  Science  of  Color  Mixing 8vo,  *3  oo 

Patton,  H.  B.     Lecture  Notes  on  Crystallography 8vo,  *i  25 

Paulding,  C.  P.     Condensation  of  Steam  in  Covered  and  Bare 

Pipes. 8vo,  *2  oo 

-  Transmission  of  Heat  through  Cold-storage  Insulation 

i2mo,  *i  oo 

Peirce,  B.     System  of  Analytic  Mechanics 4to,  10  oo 


22  D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Pendred,  V.     The  Railway  Locomotive.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Perkin,  F.  M.  Practical  Methods  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.  12010,  *i  oo 

Perrigo,  0.  E.     Change  Gear  Devices 8vo,  i  oo 

Perrine,  F.  A.  C.     Conductors  for  Electrical  Distribution  .  .  .  8vo,  *3  50 

Perry,  J.     Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  50 

Petit,  G.     White  Lead  and  Zinc  White  Paints 8vo,  *i  50 

Petit,   R.     How   to  Build  an  Aeroplane.     Trans,   by  T.   O'B. 

Hubbard,  and  J.  H.  Ledeboer. 8vo,  *i  50 

Phillips,  J.     Engineering  Chemistry 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Gold  Assaying 8vo,  *2  50 

Phin,  J.     Seven  Follies  of  Science i2mo,  *i  25 

-  Household  Pests,  and  How  to  Get  Rid  of  Them 

8vo  (In  Preparation.) 
Pickworth,  C.  N.     The  Indicator  Handbook.     Two  Volumes 

I2mo,  each,  i  50 

—  Logarithms  for  Beginners i2mo,  boards,  o  50 

—  The  Slide  Rule i2mo,  i  oo 

Plane  Table,  The 8vo,  2  oo 

Plattner's  Manual  of    Blowpipe  Analysis.     Eighth  Edition,  re- 
vised.    Trans  by  H.  B.  Cornwall 8vo,  *4  oo 

Plympton,  G.  W.     The  Aneroid  Barometer.     (Science  Series.) 

i6mo,  o  50 

Pocket  Logarithms  to  Four  Places.     (Science  Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

bather,  i  oo 

Pope,  F.  L.     Modern  Practice  of  the  Electric  Telegraph. ..   8vo,  i  50 
Popplewell,  W.   C.     Elementary  Treatise   on   Heat  and  Heat 

Engines I2mo,  *3  oo 

-  Prevention  of  Smoke. 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Strength  of  Minerals 8vo,  *i  75 

Potter,  T.     Concrete 8vo,  *3  oo 

Practical  Compounding  of  Oils,  Tallow  and  Grease .  .             8vo,  *3  50 

Practical  Iron  Founding I2mo,  i  50 

Pray,  T.,  Jr.     Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator 8vo,  2  50 

—  Steam  Tables  and  Engine  Constant 8vo,  2  oo 

—  Calorimeter  Tables. 8vo,  i  oo 

Preece,  W.  H.     Electric  Lamps (In  Pre.s.s.) 

Prelini,  C.     Earth  and  Rock  Excavation 8vo,  *3  oo 

Graphical  Determination  of  Earth  Slopes 8vo,  *2  oo 


D.  VAX  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT  TITLE  CATALOG     23 

Prelini,  C.     Tunneling 8vo,  3  oo 

—  Dredges  and  Dredging 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Prescott,  A.  B.     Organic  Analysis '. 8vo,  5  oo 

Prescott,    A.    B.,   and   Johnson,    O.    C.     Qualitative   Chemical 

Analysis 8vo,  *3  50 

Prescott,  A.  B.,  and  Sullivan,  E.  C.     First  Book  in  Qualitative 

Chemistry i2mo,  *i  50 

Pritchard,  0.  G.     The  Manufacture  of  Electric-light  Carbons. 

8vo,  paper,  *o  60 
Prost,  E.     Chemical  Analysis  of  Fuels,  Ores,  Metals.     Trans. 

by  J.  C.  Smith 8vo,  *4  50 

Pullen,  W.  W.  F.     Application  of  Graphic  Methods  to  the  Design 

of  Structures i2mo,  *2  50 

—  Injectors:  Theory,  Construction  and  Working i2mo,  *i  50 

Pulsifer,  W.  H.     Notes  for  a  History  of  Lead 8vo,  4  oo 

Putsch,  A.     Gas  and  Coal-dust  Firing. 8vo,  *3  oo 

Pynchon,  T.  R.     Introduction  to  Chemical  Physics 8vo,  3  oo 

Rafter,  G.  W.     Treatment  of  Septic  Sewage.     (Science  Series.) 

i6mo,  o  50 
Rafter,  G.  W.,  and  Baker,  M.  N.     Sewage  Disposal  in  the  United 

States. 4to,  *6  oo 

Raikes,  H.  P.     Sewage  Disposal  Works 8vo,  *4  oo 

Railway  Shop  Up-to-Date 4to,  2  oo 

Ramp,  H.  M.     Foundry  Practice (In  Press.) 

Randall,  P.  M.     Quartz  Operator's  Handbook i2mo,  2  oo 

Randau,  P.     Enamels  and  Enamelling 8vo,  *4  oo 

Rankine,  W.  J.  M.     Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  5  oo 

—  Civil  Engineering. 8vo,  6  50 

—  Machinery  and  Millwork 8vo,  5  oo 

—  The  Steam-engine  and  Other  Prime  Movers 8vo,  5  oo 

—  Useful  Rules  and  Tables 8vo,  4  oo 

Rankine,  W.  J.  M.,  and  Bamber,  E.  F.     A  Mechanical  Text- 
book  8vo,  3  50 

Raphael,  F.  C.     Localization  of    Faults  in  Electric  Light  and 

Power  Mains 8vo,  *3  oo 

Rathbone,  R.  L.  B.     Simple  Jewellery 8vo,  *2  oo 

Rateau,   A.     Flow  of  Steam  through   Nozzles    and    Orifices. 

Trans,  by  H.  B.  Brydon 8vo,  *i  50 


24     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Rausenberger,  F.     The  Theory  of  the  Recoil  of  Guns. .....  8vo,  *4  50 

Rautenstrauch,  W.     Notes  on  the  Elements  of  Machine  Design, 

8vo,  boards,  *i  50 

Rautenstrauch,  W.,  and  Williams,  J.  T.     Machine  Drafting  and 
Empirical  Design. 

Part   I.  Machine  Drafting 8vo,  *i  25 

Part  II.  Empirical  Design (In  Preparation.) 

Raymond,  E.  B.     Alternating  Current  Engineering i2mo,  *2  50 

Rayner,  H.     Silk  Throwing  and  Waste  Silk  Spinning 8vo,  *2  50 

Recipes  for  the  Color,  Paint,  Varnish,  Oil,  Soap  and  Drysaltery 

Trades. 8vo,  *3  50 

Recipes  for  Flint  Glass  Making i2mo,  *4  50 

Reed's  Engineers'  Handbook 8vo,  *5  oo 

—  Key  to  the  Nineteenth  Edition  of  Reed's  Engineers'  Hand- 

book  8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Useful  Hints  to  Sea-going  Engineers i2mo,  i  50 

—  Marine  Boilers i2mo,  2  oo 

Reinhardt,  C.   W.     Lettering  for  Draftsmen,   Engineers,  and 

Students oblong  4to,  boards,  i  oo 

-  The  Technic  of  Mechanical  Drafting. .  .  oblong  4to,  boards,  *i  oo 
Reiser,  F.  Hardening  and  Tempering  of  Steel.  Trans,  by  A. 

Morris  and  H.  Robson i2mo,  *2  50 

Reiser,  N.  Faults  in  the  Manufacture  of  Woolen  Goods.  Trans. 

by  A.  Morris  and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Spinning  and  Weaving  Calculations 8vo,  *5  oo 

Renwick,  W.  G.     Marble  and  Marble  Working 8vo,  5  oo 

Rhead,  G.  F.     Simple  Structural  Woodwork 12 mo,  *i  oo 

Rhead,  G.  W.     British  Pottery  Marks 8vo,  *3  oo 

Rice,  J.  M.,  and  Johnson,  W.  W.     A  New  Method  of  Obtaining 

the  Differential  of  Functions i2mo,  o  50 

Richardson,  J.     The  Modern  Steam  Engine 8vo,  *3  50 

Richardson,  S.  S.     Magnetism  and  Electricity 12010,  *2  oo 

Rideal,  S.     Glue  and  Glue  Testing 8vo,  *4  oo 

Rings,  F.     Concrete  in  Theory  and  Practice 12010,  *2  50 

Ripper,  W.     Course  of  Instruction  in  Machine  Drawing. .   folio,  *6  oo 
Roberts,  J.,  Jr.      Laboratory  Work  in  Electrical  Engineering. 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Robertson,  L.  S.     Water-tube  Boilers 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson,  J.  B.     Architectural  Composition 8vo,  *2  50 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG     25 

Robinson,  S.  W.     Practical  Treatise  on  the  Teeth  of  Wheels. 

(Science  Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Roebling,  J.  A.     Long  and  Short  Span  Railway  Bridges       folio,  25  oo 

Rogers,  A.     A  Laboratory  Guide  of  Industrial  Chemistry.  .  i2mo,  *i  50 

Rogers,  A.,  and  Aubert,  A.  B.     Industrial  Chemistry .  (In  Press.') 

Rollins,  W.     Notes  on  X-Light 8vo,  *y  50 

Rose,  J.     The  Pattern-makers'  Assistant 8vo,  2  50 

—  Key  to  Engines  and  Engine-running i2mo,  2  50 

Rose,  T.  K.      The  Precious  Metals.      (Westminster  Series.). 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Rosenhain,  W.  Glass  Manufacture.  (Westminster  Series.).  .8 vo,  *2  oo 
Rossiter,  J.  T.     Steam  Engines.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo  (In  Press.) 

Pumps  and  Pumping  Machinery.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo  (In  Press.) 

Roth.     Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  oo 

Rouillion,  L.     The  Economics  of  Manual  Training 8vo,  2  oo 

Rowan,  F.  J.     Practical  Physics  of  the  Modern  Steam-boiler 

8vo,  7  50 

Roxburgh,  W.     General  Foundry  Practice 8vo,  *3  50 

Ruhmer,    E.     Wireless    Telephony.     Trans,    by    J.    Erskine- 

Murray 8vo,  *3  50 

Russell,  A.     Theory  of  Electric  Cables  and  Networks 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sabine,  R.  History  and  Progress  of  the  Electric  Telegraph.  i2mo,  i  25 

Saeltzer,  A.     Treatise  on  Acoustics. i2mo,  i  oo 

Salomons,  D.     Electric  Light  Installations.     i2mo. 

Vol.     I.     The  Management  of  Accumulators 2  50 

Vol.   II.     Apparatus 2  25 

Vol.  III.     Applications i  50 

Sanford,  P.  G.     Nitro-explosives 8vo,  *4  oo 

Saunders,  C.  H.     Handbook  of  Practical  Mechanics i6mo,  i  oo 

leather,  i  25 

Saunnier,  C.     Watchmaker's  Handbook i2mo,  3  oo 

Sayers,  H.  M.     Brakes  for  Tram  Cars. 8vo,  *i  25 

Scheele,  C.  W.     Chemical  Essays 8vo,  *2  oo 

Schellen,  H.     Magneto-electric  and  Dynamo -electric  Machines 

8vo,  5  oo 

Scherer,  R.     Casein.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter. 8vo,  *3  oo 


26     D.  VAN  NOSTKAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Schmall,  C.  N.     First  Course  in  Analytic  Geometry,  Plane  and 

Solid i2mo,  half  leather,  *i  75 

Schmall,  C.  N.,  and  Schack,  S.  M.     Elements  of  Plane  Geometry 

i2mo,  *i  25 

Schmeer,  L.     Flow  of  Water 8vo,  *3  oo 

Schumann,  F.     A  Manual  of  Heating  and  Ventilation. 

i2mo,  leather,  i  50 

Schwartz,  E.  H.  L.     Causal  Geology 8vo,  *2  50 

Schweizer,  V.,  Distillation  of  Resins 8vo,  *3  50 

Scott,  W.  W.     Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     A  Laboratory 

Manual 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Scribner,  J.  M.     Engineers'  and  Mechanics'  Companion. 

7                                                              i6mo,  leather,  i  50 
Searle,  G.  M.     "  Sumners'  Method."     Condensed  and  Improved. 

(Science  Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Seaton,  A.  E.     Manual  of  Marine  Engineering. 8vo,  6  oo 

Seaton,  A,  E.,  and  Rounthwaite,  H.  M.     Pocket-book  of  Marine 

Engineering. i6mo,  leather,  3  oo 

Seeligmann,  T.,  Torrilhon,  G.   L.,  and  Falconnet,  H.     India 
Rubber  and  Gutta  Percha.     Trans,  by  J.  G.  Mclntosh 

8vo,  *5  oo 
Seidell,  A.     Solubilities  of  Inorganic  and  Organic  Substances 

8vo,  New  Edition  (In  Preparation.) 

Sellew,  W.  H.     Steel  Rails 4to  (In  Press.) 

Senter,  G.     Outlines  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  *i  50 

Sever,  G.  F.     Electric  Engineering  Experiments  ....  8vo,  boards,  *i  oo 
Sever,  G.  F.,  and  Townsend,  F.     Laboratory  and  Factory  Tests 

in  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *2  50 

Sewall,  C.  H.     Wireless  Telegraphy 8vo,  *2  oo 

—  Lessons  in  Telegraphy I2mo,  *i  oo 

Sewell,  T.     Elements  of  Electrical  Engineering 8vo,  *3  oo 

-  The  Construction  of  Dynamos • 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sexton,  A.  H.     Fuel  and  Refractory  Materials i2mo,  *2  50 

—  Chemistry  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering . i2mo,  *2  50 

—  Alloys  (Non- Ferrous) 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  The  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  *6  50 

Seymour,  A.     Practical  Lithography 8vo,  *2  50 

—  Modern  Printing  Inks 8vo,  *2  oo 

Shaw,  P.  E.     Course  of  Practical  Magnetism  and  Electricity.  8vo,  *i  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTKAM)  COMPANY'S  SHOUT-TITLE  CATALOG     27 

Shaw,  S.     History  of  the  Staffordshire  Potteries 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Chemistry  of  Compounds  Used  in  Porcelain  Manufacture 

8vo,  *5  oo 
Sheldon,  S.,  and  Hausmann,  E.      Direct   Current  Machines. 

8vo,  *2  50 
Sheldon,  S.,  Mason,  H.,  and  Hausmann,  E.     Alternating-current 

Machines % 8vo,  *2  50 

Sherer,  R.     Casein.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *3  oo 

Sherriff,  F.  F.     Oil  Merchants'  Manual i2mo,  *3  50 

Shields,  J.  E.     Notes  on  Engineering  Construction i2mo,  i  50 

Shock,  W.  H.     Steam  Boilers 410,  half  mor.,  15  oo 

Shreve,  S.  H.     Strength  of  Bridges  and  Roofs 8vo,  3  50 

Shunk,  W.  F.     The  Field  Engineer „ i2mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Simmons,  W.   H.,  and  Appleton,   H.   A.     Handbook   of  Soap 

Manufacture , 8vo,  *3  oo 

Simms,  F.  W.     The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Leveling 8vo,  2  50 

—  Practical  Tunneling 8vo,  7  50 

Simpson,  G.     The  Naval  Constructor i2ino,  mor.,  *5  oo 

Sinclair,  A.     Development  of  the  Locomotive  Engine. 

8vo,  half  leather,  5  oo 
Sindall,  R.  W.     Manufacture  of  Paper.     (Westminster  Series.) 

8vo,  *2  oo 

Sioane,  T.  O'C.     Elementary  Electrical  Calculations  ....  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Smith,  C.  F.     Practical  Alternating  Currents  and  Testing .  .  8vo,  *2  50 

—  Practical  Testing  of  Dvnamos  and  Motors 8vo,  *2  oo 

Smith,  F.  E.     Handbook  of  General  Instruction  for  Mechanics. 

i2mo,  i  50 
Smith,  I.  W.     The  Theory  of  Deflections  and  of  Latitudes  and 

Departures i6mo,  mor.,  3  oo 

Smith,  J.  C.     Manufacture  of  Paint 8vo,  *3  oo 

Smith,  W.     Chemistry  of  Hat  Manufacturing I2mo,  *3  oo 

Snell,  A.  T.     Electrte  Motive  Power 8vo,  *4  oo 

Snow,  W.  G.     Pocketbook  of  Steam  Heating  and  Ventilation 

(In  Press.) 
Snow,  W.  G.,  and  Nolan,  T.     Ventilation  of  Buildings.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

T.od  'y,  F.     Radioactivity 8vo,  *3  oo 

Solomon,  LI.     Electric  Lamps.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sothern,  J.  W.     The  Marine  Steam  Turbine 8vo.  *5  oo 


28     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Soxhlet,  D.  H.     Dyeing  and  Staining  Marble.     Trans,  by  A. 

Morris  and  H.  Robson 8vo,  *2  50 

Spang,  H.  W.     A  Practical  Treatise  on  Lightning  Protection 

i2tno,  i  oo 

Speyers,  C.  L.     Text-book  of  Physical  Chemistry 8vo,  *2  25 

Stahl,  A.  W.,  and  Woods,  A.  T.     Elementary  Mechanism .  .  1 2mo,  *2  oo 
Staley,  C.,  and  Pierson,  G.  S.     The  Separate  System  of  Sewerage. 

8vo,  *3  oo 

Standage,  H.  C.     Leatherworkers'  Manual 8vo,  *3  50 

—  Sealing  Waxes,  Wafers,  and  Other  Adhesives 8vo,  *2  oo 

—  Agglutinants  of  all  Kinds  for  all  Purposes i2mo,  *3  50 

Stansbie,  J.  H.     Iron  and  Steel.     (Westminster  Series.).  .  .  .8vo,  *2  oo 

Stevens,  H.  P.     Paper  Mill  Chemist i6mo,  *2  50 

Stewart,  A.     Modern  Polyphase  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Stewart,  G.     Modern  Steam  Traps i2mo,  *i  25 

Stiles,  A.     Tables  for  Field  Engineers i2mo,  i  oo 

Stillman,  P.     Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo,  i  oo 

Stodola,  A.     Steam  Turbines.     Trans,  by  L.  C.  Loewenstein .  8vo,  *5  oo 

Stone,  H.     The  Timbers  of  Commerce 8vo,  3  50 

Stone,  Gen.  R.     New  Roads  and  Road  Laws i2mo,  i  oo 

Stopes,  M.     Ancient  Plants 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sudborough,  J.  J.,  and  James,  T.  C.     Practical  Organic  Chem- 
istry  i2mo,  *2  oo 

Suffling,  E.  R.     Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Glass  Painting 8vo,  *3  50 

Swan,  K.     Patents,  Designs  and  Trade  Marks.     (Westminster 

Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Sweet,  S.  H.     Special  Report  on  Coal 8vo,  3  oo 

Swoope,  C.  W.     Practical  Lessons  in  Electricity i2mo,  *2  oo 

Tailfer,  L.     Bleaching  Linen  and  Cotton  Yam  and  Fabrics   .  8vo,  *5  oo 
Templeton,  W.     Practical  Mechanic's  Workshop  Companion. 

i2mo,  mor.,  2  oo 
Terry,  H.  L.     India  Rubber  and  its  Manufacture.     (Westminster 

Series.). 8vo,  *2  oo 

Thorn,  C.,  and  Jones,  W.  H.     Telegraphic  Connections. 

oblong  i2mo,  i  50 

Thomas,  C.  W.     Paper-makers'  Handbook (In  Press.) 

Thompson,  A.  B.     Oil  Fields  of  Russia 4to,  *7  50 

—  Petroleum  Mining  and  Oil  Field  Development. 8vo,  *5  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG  29 

Thompson,  E.  P.     How  to  Make  Inventions 8vo,  o  50 

Thompson,  W.  P.     Handbook  of  Patent  Law  of  All  Countries 

i6mo,  i  50 

Thornley,  T.     Cotton  Combing  Machines. 8vo,  *3  oo 

—  Cotton  Spinning 8vo, 

First  Year *  i  50 

Second  Year *2  50 

Third  Year *2  50 

Thurso,  J.  W.     Modern  Turbine  Practice 8vo,  *4  oo 

Tinney,  W.  H.     Gold-mining  Machinery 8vo,  *5  oo 

Titherley,  A.  W.     Laboratory  Course  of  Organic  Chemistry. .  8vo,  *2  oo 

Toch,  M.     Chemistry  and  Technology  of  Mixed  Paints 8vo,  *3  oo 

Todd,  J.,  and  Whall,  W.  B.     Practical  Seamanship  .....  .8vo,  *7  50 

Tonge,  J.     Coal.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Townsend,  J.     lonization  of  Gases  by  Collision 8vo,  *i  75 

Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers. 

8vo, 

Vol.    I.     1908 *6  oo 

Vol.  II.     1909 *6  oo 

Traverse  Tables.     (Science  Series.). i6mo,  o  50 

mor.,  i  oo 
Trinks,    W.,    and    Housum,    C.      Shaft     Governors.     (Science 

Series.) i6mo,  o  50 

Tucker,  J.  H.     A  Manual  of  Sugar  Analysis 8vo,  3  50 

Tumlirz,  0.     Potential.     Trans,  by  D.  Robertson .    .  i2mo,  i  25 

Tunner,   P.'   A.     Treatise    on    Roll-turning.     Trans,    by   J.    B. 

Pearse 8vo  text  and  folio  atlas,  10  oo 

Turbayne,  A.  A.     Alphabets  and  Numerals 4tq,  2  oo 

Turrill,  S.  M.     Elementary  Course  in  Perspective 12010,  *i  25 

Underbill,  C.  R.     Solenoids,   Electromagnets  and  Electromag- 
netic Windings i2mo,  *2  oo 

Urquhart,  J.  W.     Electric  Light  Fitting i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Electro-plating i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Electrotyping. i2mo,  2  oo 

—  Electric  Ship  Lighting i2mo,  3  oo 

Universal  Telegraph  Cipher  Code i2mo,  i  oo 

Vacher,  F.     Food  Inspector's  Handbook i2mo,  *2  50 


30     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG 

Vai]  Nostrand's  Chemical  Annual.  Second  issue  1909  ....  12010,  *2  50 
-  Year  Book  of  Mechanical  Engineering  Data.  First  issue 

1910. (In  Press.) 

Van  Wagenen,  T.  F.  Manual  of  Hydraulic  Mining i6mo,  i  oo 

Vega,  Baron,  Von  Logarithmic  Tables .8vo,  half  mor.,  2  50 

Villon,  A.  M.  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Leather  Industry. 

Trans,  by  F.  T.  Addyman 8vo,  *io  oo 

Vincent,  C.  Ammonia  and  its  Compounds.  Trans,  by  M.  J. 

Salter 8vo,  *2  oo 

Volk,  C.  Haulage  and  Winding  Appliances 8vo,  *4  oo 

Von  Georgiovics,  G.  Chemical  Technology  of  Textile  Fibres. 

Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *4  50 

—  Chemistry  of  Dyestuffs.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter. 8vo,  *4  50 

Wabner,  R.     Ventilation  in  Mines.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter.  .  .8vo,  '  *4  50 

Wade,  E.  J.     Secondary  Batteries 8vo,  *4  oo 

Wadsworth,  C.     Primary  Battery  Ignition i2mo  (In  Press.) 

Wagner,  E.     Preserving  Fruits,  Vegetables,  and  Meat i2mo,  *2  50 

Walker,  F.     Aerial  Navigation 8vo, 

—  Electric  Lighting  for  Marine  Engineers 8vo,  2  oo 

Walker,  S.  F.     Steam  Boilers,  Engines  and  Turbines 8vo,  3  oo 

—  Refrigeration,  Heating  and  Ventilation  on  Shipboard. 

i2mo,  *2  oo 

—  Electricity  in  Mining 8vo,  *3  50 

Walker,  W.  H.     Screw  Propulsion 8vo,  o  75 

Wallis-Tayler,  A.  J.     Bearings  and  Lubrication 8vo,  *i  50 

—  Modern  Cycles 8vo,  4  oo 

—  Motor  Cars 8vo,  i  80 

—  Motor  Vehicles  for  Business  Purposes 8vo,  3  50 

—  Pocket  Book  of  Refrigeration  and  Ice  Making. i2mo,  i  50 

—  Refrigerating  and  Ice-making  Machinery. 8vo,  3  oo 

—  Refrigeration  and  Cold  Storage 8vo,  *4  50 

-  Sugar  Machinery i2mo,  *2  oo 

Wanklyn,  J.  A.     Treatise  on  the  Examination  of  Milk     ..i2mo,  i  oo 

-  Water  Analysis i2mo,  2  oo 

Wansbrough,  W.  D.     The  A.  B  C  of  the  Differential  Calculus 

i2mo,  *i  50 

—  Slide  Valves -. i2mo,  *2  oo 

Ward,  J.  H.     Steam  for  the  Million 8vo,  i  oo 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT-TITLE  CATALOG  31 

Waring,  G.  E.,  Jr.     Sewerage  and  Land  Drainage *6  oo 

—  Modern  Methods  of  Sewage  Disposal 12010,  2  oo 

—  How  to  Drain  a  House i2mo,  i  25 

Warren,  F.  D.     Handbook  on  Reinforced  Concrete i2mo,  *2  50 

Watkins,  A.     Photography.     (Westminster  Series) 8vo  (In  Press.) 

Watson,  E.  P.     Small  Engines  and  Boilers i2ino,  i  25 

Watt,  A.     Electro-plating  and  Electro-refining  of  Metals *4  50 

Watt,  A.     Electro-metallurgy i2mo,  i  oo 

The  Art  of  Paper  Making *3  oo 

—  The  Art  of  Soap-making 8vo,  3  oo 

Leather  Manufacture 8 vo,  *4  oo 

Weale,  J.     Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Architecture i2mo,  2  50 

Weather  and  Weather  Instruments i2mo,  i  oo 

paper,  o  50 
Webb,  H.   L.     Guide   to  the  Testing  of  Insulated  Wires  and 

Cables i2ino,  i  oo 

Webber,  W.  H.  Y.     Town  Gas.     (Westminster  Series.) 8vo,  *2  oo 

Weekes,  R.  W.     The  Design  of  Alternate  Current  Transformers 

i2mo,  i  oo 

Weisbach,  J.     A  Manual  of  Theoretical  Mechanics 8vo,  *6  oo 

sheep,  *7  50 
Weisbach,  J.,  and  Herrmann,  G.     Mechanics  of  Air  Machinery 

8vo,  *3  75 
Weston,  E.  B.     Loss  of  Head  Due  to  Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes 

i2mo,  *i  50 

Weymouth,  F.  M.     Drum  Armatures  and  Commutators  . .  .8vo,  *3  oo 

Wheeler,  J.  B.     Art  of  War i2mo,  i  75 

Field  Fortifications I2mo,  i  75 

Whipple,  S.     An  Elementary  and  Practical  Treatise  on  Bridge 

Building 8vo,  3  oo 

Whithard,  P.     Illuminating  and  Missal  Painting I2mo,  i  50 

Wilkinson,  H.  D.     Submarine  Cable  Laying  and  Repairing . .  8vo,  *6  oo 
Williams,  A.  D.,  Jr.,  and  Hutchinson,  R.  W.    The  Steam  Turbine. 

(In  Press.) 

Williamson,  R.  S.     On  the  Use  of  the  Barometer 4to,  15  oo 

—  Practical  Tables  in  Meteorology  and  Hypsometery 4to,  2  50 

Willson,  F.  N.     Theoretical  and  Practical  Graphics 4to,  *4  oo 

Wimperis,  H.  E.     Internal  Combustion  Engine 8vo,  *3  oo 

Winchell,  N.  H.,  and  A.  N.     Elements  of  Optical  Mineralogy .  8vo,  *3  50 


32     D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY'S  SHORT -TITLE  CATALOG 

Winkler,  C.,  and  Lunge,  G.     Handbook  of  Technical  Gas-Analy- 
sis  8vo,  4  o 

Woodbury,  D.  V.     Elements  of  Stability  in  the  Well-propor- 
tioned Arch 8vo,  half  mor.,  4  o.. 

Worden,  E.  C.     The  Nitrocellulose  Industry.     Two  Volumes. 

,  8vo  (In  Press. 

Wright,  A.  C.     Analysis  of  Oils  and  Allied  Substances .8vo,  *3  50 

—  Simple  Method  for  Testing  Painter's  Materials 8vo,  *2  5.:.- 

Wright,  H.  E.     Handy  Book  for  Brewers 8vo,  *5  o  . 

Wright,  F.  W.     Design  of  a  Condensing  Plant i2mo,  *i  5 

Wright,  T.  W.     Elements  of  Mechanics 8vo,  *2  5 < 

Wright,  T.  W.,  and  Hayford,  J.  F.     Adjustment  of  Observations 

8vo,  *3  o 

Young,  J.  E.     Electrical  Testing  for  Telegraph  Engineers . .  .8vo,  *4  oo 

Zeidler,  J.,  and  Lustgarten,  J.     Electric  Arc  Lamps 8vo,  *2  o^ 

Zeuner,    A.     Technical     Thermodynamics.     Trans,    by    J.    F. 

Klein.     Two  Volumes 8vo,  *8  o 

Zimmer,  G.  F.     Mechanical  Handling  of  Material 4to,  *io  o 

Zipser,  J.     Textile  Raw  Matsrials.     Trans,  by  C.  Salter 8vo,  *$  o 

Zur    Nedden,  F.     Engineering  Workshop  Machines  and  Proc- 
esses.    Trans,  by  J.  A.  Davenport 8vo,  *2  oo 


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